Lahore University of Management Sciences. HIST 329 The Cold War

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HIST 329 The Cold War Fall 2015-16 Instructor Hasan Karrar Room No. 109 New HSS Wing 2 Office Hours TBA Email hkarrar@lums.edu.

1 HIST 329 The Cold War Fall Instructor Hasan Karrar Room No. 109 New HSS Wing 2 Office Hours TBA hkarrar@lums.edu.pk Telephone 8225 Secretary/TA Naseeruddin TA Office Hours TBA Course URL (if any) Course Basics Credit Hours 4 Lecture(s) Nbr of Lec(s) Per Week 2 Duration 1 hr 50 mn Recitation/Lab (per week) Nbr of Lec(s) Per Week Duration Tutorial (per week) Nbr of Lec(s) Per Week Duration Course Distribution Core Elective Open for Student Category Close for Student Category COURSE DESCRIPTION The Cold War was the only conflict in history to simultaneously engulf all countries of the world. In the process, the Cold War resulted in millions of deaths, cost trillions of dollars, and drove bitter ideological wedges through societies and between countries. This course explores the history of the Cold War from its origins following the Second World War until the crumbling of the Soviet Union in The Cold War originated in the breakdown of the wartime alliance between the United States and the Soviet Union. Until recently, historiography of the Cold War prioritized the diplomatic showdown between Moscow and Washington. The division of Europe into Western and Eastern blocs, the Korean War, the Sino- Soviet split, the Cuban Missile Conflict, and the wars in Indochina were viewed as auxiliary conflicts in what was primarily considered to be a geopolitical struggle between competing visions of utopia presented by the two superpowers. Current historiography of the Cold War has a more global orientation. Besides viewing the Cold War as stemming from a world-wide ideological gulf and how this shaped Moscow and Washington s projection of their global power academic specialists are also exploring the conflicts in Africa, Asia, and Latin America as a struggle between competing visions of society and the exercise of power. This course draws on exciting new academic literature on the Cold War. The course takes a global view of the Cold War. It explores the diplomacy between the superpowers, the showdown in Europe, the formation of regional alliances, the global arms buildup, as well as conflicts across the Third World that ranged from interstate wars and superpower invasions to right-wing military coups, leftist insurgencies, and populist movements. COURSE PREREQUISITE(S) HIST124/POL122, HIST 2211, HIST238/POL214, HIST 3211/POL316

2 Learning Outcomes Lahore University of Management Sciences Grading Breakup and Policy Quiz 20% Annotated Bibliography 10% Documentary Analysis 10% Term Paper 30% Final Exam 25% Attendance 5% The dates for the above shall be announced as they are determined; please note that LUMS regulations shall apply in the event of a missed exam. Late papers shall be penalized 2.5 percentage points per day. Although there is no separate credit for class participation, I encourage and enjoy thoughtful comments and probing questions. You are reminded that plagiarism is an extremely serious academic offense that violates the integrity of the academy. All cases of ethical misconduct including those that take place during exams shall be dealt with per LUMS disciplinary regulations. Textbook(s)/Required Readings The assigned readings for this course are mostly from the following books: Hanhimäki, Jussi and Odd Arne Westad (eds.). The Cold War: A History in Documents and Eyewitness Accounts. New York: Oxford University Press, Leffler, Melvyn P. and Odd Arne Westad (eds.). The Cambridge History of the Cold War, 3 Vols. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010 [Abbreviated: CHCW] Westad, Odd Arne. The Global Cold War: Third World Interventions and the Making of Our Times. Cambridge: Cambridge University, Press, Odd Arne Westad s The Global Cold War provides a broad historical narrative for this course. Although I have assigned page numbers by topic, the Westad volume does not cover all the material discussed in class, or always follow the same chronology as the lectures. The assigned page numbers are meant to be a starting point; I strongly recommend that you read the entire volume from beginning to end. For most sessions you shall be assigned primary and secondary readings. The secondary sources provide us with the overarching narrative: what happened, when, why, where, and how? By doing so, all secondary sources communicate a historical narrative a causation that explains why events unfolded the way they did even if the causation is not stated explicitly. While secondary sources are essential in that they tell us what happened, for the student of history it is essential to return to the building blocks of the historian s craft: primary source documents from the moment in time under consideration. For this reason we shall be devoting considerable time to reading historical documents. Reading historical documents not only gives us a nuanced understanding of the past, but more importantly, allows us to make a credible claim to knowledge about the past. You are expected to use primary source documents for your term paper. Besides the documents in your course pack and the library, there are extensive collections of primary source documents on the Cold War accessible via the World Wide Web. The first collection you should explore is the Cold War International History Project of the Woodrow Wilson Center for Scholars: This is an extensive collection of documents from communist and the former communist countries. For a list of topics covered in this collection, click on the Virtual Archive link on the front page. Another important source of primary documents is the National Security Archive of George Washington University:

3 The National Security Archives are arranged by subject. To see a list of subjects click Documents on the front page (the actual documents are clustered under the subject headings following a short introduction). Unlike the Cold War International History Project, these archives deal extensively with US government material that has been made available through the Freedom of Information Act. The archive is a repository of official documents that continue past the end of the Cold War (there is a wide collection dealing with the contemporary period that many of you shall find interesting outside the confines of this course). An extremely extensive list of Cold War documents (catalogued by year) is complied at the following Mt. Holyoke College web address: The following address (also at Mt. Holyoke) leads to a large collection of documents relating to international relations arranged by topic: Keep in mind that rather than hosting the actual documents, the Mt. Holyoke catalogue links to other sites where the documents are hosted. While I have come across a few broken links, most work. When using documents that you find through these catalogues, pay attention to where the document is hosted (please see the note below). Another useful resource, albeit one that is not intuitive to search, is the Cold War Studies at Harvard University: Begin your search by moving your cursor over to the Links tab. A note on electronic sources: The Internet can be a powerful research tool. For studying the Cold War, the Internet provides instant accessible to thousands of primary documents with new documents being uploaded continuously. But the usual caveats of using the Internet as a scholarly tool apply here: approach material relating to the Cold War with caution, especially if it is not part of a collection hosted by a university. Ultimately, you are responsible for the quality of your sources. It is not enough to say: I read it on the Internet and provide a URL and access date. As we work our way through the primary source documents in this course, you shall become more adept at assessing the quality of your sources. This is an essential part of the scholarly process. Be especially wary of secondary source material on the World Wide Web. If your secondary source is not peer-reviewed that is, published in a refereed journal or by an academic press than you need to question why it is not peer-reviewed, and whether that source is really indispensible to your research. Finally, this is a reading-intensive 300-level course that assumes a greater degree of engagement than a 100 or 200-level course. The readings demand time and concentration. I am assuming that you are enrolled in the course because you have a genuine interest in the topic, and are willing to engage with the material in a serious and thoughtful way. My expectations are high. At the risk of stating the obvious, not every course is suited to every student (and certainly not at the 300-level). Be sure that you belong here! *** NOTE: A few changes shall be made to the scheduled over the summer. Please check back here by mid-august for the final outline.*** Course Schedule Sessions 1-4 INTRODUCTION 1. Preliminaries and Introduction. What was the Cold War? Overview of terms and concepts; identification of conflict zones. Readings: None. 2. The American Ascendency: Washington as a World Power at the Turn of the Century. Readings: Westad, 1-38; (Primary): Theodore Roosevelt s Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine (1905), [ flash=true&doc=56&page=transcript]; Woodrow Wilson s Fourteen Point Speech, [ coldwar/documents/episode-1/14_points.htm] 3. The Bolshevik Alternative: Exporting Revolution. Readings: Westad, 39-72; (Primary): Hanhimäki and Westad, Lenin to American

4 Workers, 22 August 1918, Stalin on International Communism, March , Nationalism Comes of Age: Anti-Imperialism in the Global South. Readings: Westad, 73-86; (Primary): Hanhimäki and Westad, Ho Chi Minh s Declaration of Vietnamese Independence, 1945, Sessions 5-10 THE WORLD THAT WAR CREATED 5. The Nineteen Thirties: East Asia, Europe, and the Imminent War. Readings: [Secondary reading TBA]; (Primary): Hanhimäki and Westad, The Nazi-Soviet Pact, August 1939, Unlikely Allies? The United States and the Soviet Union in the Second World War. Readings: [Secondary reading TBA]; (Primary): Hanhimäki and Westad, Stalin, Roosevelt, and Churchill on the Future of Europe, 1943, The Perils of Victory: The Manhattan Project and its Lethal Offspring. Readings: TBA. 8. The Iron Curtain Goes Up: The Crumbling of the Post-War Alliance. Readings (Primary): Hanhimäki and Westad, Churchill s Iron Curtain Speech and Stalin s Reply, March 1946, George Kennan s Long Telegram, February 1946, , ; NSC 68: United States Objectives and Programs for National Security (April 14, 1950) [ 68/nsc68-1.htm] Note: This is a long document. Read the first page at the above link, and peruse the remainder. 9. Spoils of War: Western and Communist Spheres in Europe. Readings: Hans-Peter Schwarz, The Division of Germany, , , in CHCW, 1; Norman Naimark, The Sovietization of Eastern Europe, , , in CHCW, 1; (Primary): Hanhimäki and Westad, Willy Brandt on the Berlin Blockade, 1948, The Truman Doctrine, March 1947, The Marshall Plan Speech, 5 June 1947, Vyshinsky Speech to the United Nations General Assembly, September 1947, Soviet Protest Against Formation of NATO, March 1949, 96-99, , , , Who Lost China? Communist Ascendancy and People s Revolution in China. Readings: Niu Jun, The Birth of the People s Republic of China and the Road to the Korean War, , in CHCW, 1; (Primary): Dean Acheson: United States Position on China, August 1949 [ Hanhimäki and Westad, Stalin Meets Mao Zedong, December 1949, Sessions THE ASIAN THEATRE 11. Superpower Influence in Asia: Prelude to the Korean War. Readings: Westad, ; (Primary): Hanhimäki and Westad, George Kennan on US Policy Towards Japan, March 1948, US-Japan Security Treaty, September 1951, , The Korean War. Readings: William Stueck, The Korean War, , in CHCW, 1; (Primary): Hanhimäki and Westad, Stalin Meets Kim Il-Sung, March 1949, Stalin on the North Korean Attack, April 1950, Truman on Korea, June 1950, , , The Crisis in Indochina; Showdown in the Taiwan Straits: China Flexes its Muscle. Readings: Westad, , ; (Primary): Hanhimäki and Westad, The Geneva Conference: The American View, A New Pole? The Non-Aligned Movement and the Bandung Conference; Regional Alliance Building. Readings: Westad, ; (Primary): President Sukarno of Indonesia: Speech at the Opening of the Bandung Conference, April 18, 1955, [ 15. A New Global Fissure: The Sino-Soviet Split. Reading: Sergey Radchenko, The Sino-Soviet Split, , in CHCW, 2; Hanhimäki and Westad, Mao Zedong on Soviet Intentions, July 1958, Mao Zedong s Notes on Sino-Soviet Affairs, December 1959, Sessions FAULTLINES IN LATIN AMERICA, AFRICA, AND THE MIDDLE EAST

5 16. Central America: The New Ideological Battleground. Readings: Westad, ; (Primary): Hanhimäki and Westad, Kennan on Communism in Latin America, March 1950, Juan Jose Arevalo on American Imperialism, ; Roy R. Rubottom: Communism in the America s, March 1958, [ 17. The United States, the Soviet Union, and the Shaping of Contemporary Middle East. Readings: Westad, ; Douglas Little, The Cold War in the Middle East: Suez Crises to Camp David Accords, , in CHCW, 2; (Primary): An Intelligence Brief ( ) to Gamal Abd al-nasser, (15 June 1955), [Cold War International History Project/The Virtual Archive/The Cold War in the Middle East]. 18. Decolonization and Revolution in Sub-Saharan Africa. Readings: Westad, ; (Primary): Hanhimäki and Westad, Nkrumah on the United States and the Third World, 1958, Khruschev on National Liberation, 1961, Lumumba s Last Message and Death, 1960, , , The Cuban Revolution. Readings: Westad, ; (Primary): Hanhimäki and Westad, Khrushchev on Soviet Support for Cuba, July 1960, Soviets and Che Guevara on Cuba s Prospects, 26 April 1961, , Exporting Revolution: Cuban Revolutionaries in Africa and Latin America. Readings: Piero Gleijeses, Cuba and the Cold War, , , in CHCW, 2; (Primary): Hanhimäki and Westad, Guevara on Guerrilla Warfare (1964), and a Report on his Death (1967), Sessions ESCALATION AND CONCLUSIONS 21. Vietnam and Indochina. Readings: Westad, ; (Primary): Hanhimäki and Westad, Kennedy Administration Decision on Vietnam, November 1961, Lyndon B. Johnson on His Options in Vietnam, 1964, , ; Memorandum from President Nixon to the Chairman of the Washington Special Actions Group (Kissinger), July 1970 [ historicaldocuments/frus v06/d339] 22. Southern Africa; Revolution in the Horn of Africa. Readings: Chris Saunders and Sue Onslow, The Cold War and Southern Africa, , , in CHCW, 3; Westad, ; (Primary): Hanhimäki and Westad, The Angolan Revolution, , SSC Meeting on the Horn of Africa, March 1978, , Latin America. Readings: [Secondary reading TBA]; (Primary): Hanhimäki and Westad, [The United States and Allende s Chile, ] Nixon s National Security Council, 9 November 1970, Memories of the Takeover in 1973, Central America. Readings: John H. Coatsworth, The Cold War in Central America, , , in CHCW, 3; Hanhimäki and Westad (Primary): Hanhimäki and Westad, The Reagan Doctrine in Central America, , Détente and its Challenges. Readings: Robert D. Schulzinger, Détente in the Nixon-Ford years, , , in CHCW, 2; Olav Njolstad, The Collapse of Superpower Détente, , in CHCW, 3; (Primary): Hanhimäki and Westad, Kissinger and Triangular Diplomacy, , ; 26. The Iranian Revolution; Afghanistan: The Unending War. Readings: Westad, ; (Primary): Hanhimäki and Westad, Brzezinski on the Soviet Afghan Intervention, December 1979, Ayatollah Khomeini s Message, 1980, Islamism in Afghanistan, The Soviet War in Afghanistan, , Gorbachev, Reagan, and Endgames of the Cold War. Reading: Westad,

Preface to Cold War. Preface

Preface to Cold War. Preface Preface to Cold War Preface I have had the pleasure of teaching IB history for over 20 years, mainly at Malmö Borgarskola in Sweden but also on revision courses in England and in the United States. It