International History of the Twentieth Century

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1 B/58806 International History of the Twentieth Century Antony Best Jussi M. Hanhimaki Joseph A. Maiolo and Kirsten E. Schulze Routledge Taylor & Francis Croup LONDON AND NEW YORK

2 Contents List of maps xiii List of tables xv List of boxes xvii Notes on authors xix Note on the text xxi Acknowledgements xxiii List of abbreviations. xxv Introduction 1 1 Great Power Rivalry and the World War, Introduction 5 The Great Powers, power politics and and the states system 7 The long-term causes of the World War * 16 From one crisis to the next, : Decisions for war 24 The triple stalemate 26 Conclusion 29 Recommended reading 30 2 The Search for European Stability, Introduction 32 The 'new diplomacy' 33 The armistice 38 The Paris peace settlement 39 The Paris peace settlement in Central and Eastern Europe 44 The implementation of the peace 46 The Locarno era 50 Conclusion 54 Recommended reading 56 3 Japan, China and the Origins of the Pacific War, Introduction 58 The First World War in East Asia 59 The Washington Conference 62 Chinese nationalism and the Northern Expedition 63

3 viii Contents The Manchurian Crisis 65 Japan's 'Monroe Doctrine' for East Asia 68 The Sino-Japanese War 71 Towards the Pacific War 73 Conclusion 77 Recommended reading 78 4 The European Colonial Empires, Introduction 80 Empires and power 81 Ireland and the British Dominions 87 Empire and nationalism in the Middle East 90 India in crisis 94 Rationalization and resistance in Southeast Asia 97 The colonial empires in Africa 98 The Second World War and empire 101 Conclusion 103 Recommended reading The Origins of the Arab-Israeli Conflict, Introduction 106 The origins and development of Zionism 107 Palestinian nationalism 109 The twice promised land 110 The mandate and British policy * 113 Palaestine and the Second World War 115 Partition and the end of the mandate 118 Arab and Zionist institution-building 120 The 1948 war 124 Conclusion 128 Recommended reading 'Good Neighbors'? The United States and the Americas, Introduction The Monroe Doctrine and the imperial thrust The Spanish-American War Theodore Roosevelt and the American Empire Woodrow Wilson, the First World War and the Americas Wilsonian visions defeated From boom to bust From gunboat diplomacy to the 'Good Neighbor' policy Pan-Americanism and the approach of war The Second World War and the Monroe Doctrine Conclusion Recommended reading 7 The Path to European War, Introduction The dual crisis

4 Contents ix The collapse of the Weimar Republic 155 Revolution and expansion 158 Diplomacy and deterrence 163 Isolation and co-existence 169 From Munich to European war 173 Conclusion 181 Recommended reading 183 The Second World War, Introduction 185 From European war to World War 187 The Axis at war 193 The Grand Alliance at war 198 The collapse of the Grand Alliance 204 Conclusion 208 Recommended reading 210 The 'First' Cold War in Europe, Introduction 212 The German question 214 From take-overs to conformity: the USSR and Eastern Europe 215 The United States, containment and Western Europe 219 On every front 225 Stability and revolts 228 A wasting asset? Nuclear weapons 232 Culture and propaganda ^ 234 The Berlin Wall 236 Conclusion 238 Recommended reading 239 Asia in Turmoil: Nationalism, Revolution and the Rise of the Cold War, Introduction 242 The end of the Raj 243 Nationalism and independence in Southeast Asia 245 The Chinese Civil War 248 China, Japan and the Cold War in Asia 252 The Korean War 255 Asia and the consequences of the Korean War 260 Conclusion 261 Recommended reading 262 From Cold War to Detente, Introduction 265 The Cuban Missile Crisis 267 Towards the world of MAD 269 France, Germany, and the origins of European detente 271 Trouble in the Soviet bloc 273 Triangular diplomacy and the 'two detentes' 275

5 x Contents Detente in trouble: Watergate, Angola, and the Horn of Africa 277 The death of detente: SALT II and Afghanistan 280 Conclusion 283 Recommended reading 285 The Vietnam Wars, Introduction 288 Origins of the conflict and the first Indochina War 289 Divided Vietnam and American nation-building 291 The Americanization of the Vietnam War 294 'Peace' and unification 298 Indochina in turmoil after Conclusion 303 Recommended reading 304 Neutralism, Development and the Rise of the Third World, Introduction 307 Neutrality in Cold War Europe 308 India and the path to Bandung 310 The birth of the non-aligned movement 314 Development and the Group of The fragmentation of the Third World 320 Conclusion «. 323 Recommended reading 324 The 'Developmental States': japan, South Korea and Taiwan, Introduction 326 The American occupation of Japan 327 The '1955' system and the revision of the Security Treaty 329 High-speed growth and its discontents 333 Japan as an economic superpower 337 Japan's neighbours: South Korea and Taiwan 339 Conclusion 342 Recommended reading 343 The People's Republic of China: Ideology and Nationalism, Introduction 345 The rise and decline of the Sino-Soviet alliance 346 Revolutionary China and the Third World 351 The opening to America and the death of Mao 354 Deng and the 'Four Modernizations' 355 Tiananmen and after: causes and consequences 357 Conclusion 358 Recommended reading 360

6 Contents xi 16 The United States and Latin America, Introduction 362 Hemispheric unity, internal dislocation 363 Guatemala 366 The Cuban Revolution 368 The Alliance for Progress 370 Revolutionaries and reformers from Chile to Nicaragua 374 Conclusion 379 Recommended reading Africa: Decolonization and Independence, Introduction 383 The end of empire 384 The rise and fall of pan-africanism 388 Imperialism and 'white rule' in southern Africa 390 The Cold War in Africa 392 The end of apartheid in South Africa 395 The African state and the legacy of empire 397 Conclusion 402 Recommended reading The Arab-Israeli Conflict, Introduction 405 The 1956 Suez-Sinai campaign 406 The 1967 June War 409 The 1973 October War 412 The 1982 Lebanon War 41 3 The Palestinian armed struggle from the 1948 naqba to the 1987 intifada 415 Conclusion 420 Recommended reading The Rise of Political Islam, Introduction 422 The rise of political Islam 423 Islamist movements: aims, strategies and political philosophies 425 The 1979 Islamic revolution in Iran 430 Fundamentalist Islam: Afghanistan and the Taliban 432 Islamic resistance: Hizb'allah, Hamas and Laskar Jihad 434 Transnational Islamism, international jihadism, global Islamism and the al-qaeda phenomenon 438 Conclusion 441 Recommended reading The End of the Cold War and the 'Brave New World', Introduction 444 The collapse of a world order 445 The Gulf War 452 The United States and the new Russia 454

7 xii Contents The Western Hemisphere: an age of uncertainty 458 Post-Cold War Europe: engagement, integration and conflict 461 The Middle East peace process 465 The Pacific century postponed 469 Africa: hope and despair 473 Conclusion 476 Recommended reading 476 Epilogue 480 Glossary 484 Bibliography 497 Index 519

CONTENTS. List of illustrations Notes on authors Acknowledgements Note on the text List of abbreviations

CONTENTS. List of illustrations Notes on authors Acknowledgements Note on the text List of abbreviations CONTENTS List of illustrations Notes on authors Acknowledgements Note on the text List of abbreviations xiv xvii xviii xx xxi INTRODUCTION 1 The second édition 1 Introduction to the twentieth century 2