Twentieth-century world history

Transcription

1 Duiker, William J Twentieth-century world history Documents Maps xi Preface xii x Literature and the Arts: The Culture of Modernity 22 Conclusion 23 Chapter Notes 24 The Industrial Revolution in Great Britain 3 The Spread of the Industrial Revolution 4 New Products and New Patterns 6 Toward a World Economy 8 The Structure of Mass Society 8 Social Structures 9 Changing Roles for Women 10 Reaction and Revolution: The Decline of the Old Order 12 Liberalism and Nationalism 12 The Unification of Germany and Italy 13 Roots of Revolution in Russia 13 The Ottoman Empire and Nationalism in the Balkans 15 Liberalism Triumphant 15 The United States and Canada 16 Tradition and Change in Latin America 17 The Rise of the Socialist Movement 18 The Rise of Marxism 18 Capitalism in Transition 19 Toward the Modern Consciousness: Intellectual and Cultural Developments 20 Developments in the Sciences: The Emergence of a New Physics 20 Charles Darwin and the Theory of Evolution 21 Sigmund Freud and the Emergence of Psychoanalysis 21 The Spread of Colonial Rule 25 The Myth of European Superiority 25 The Advent of Western Imperialism 26 The Colonial System 27 The Philosophy of Colonialism 27 India Under the British Raj 28 The Nature of British Rule 30 The Colonial Takeover of Southeast Asia 31 The Imposition of Colonial Rule 32 Colonial Regimes in Southeast Asia 33 Empire Building in Africa 36 Africa Before the Europeans 36 The Growing European Presence in West Africa 36 Imperialist Shadow over the Nile 37 The Scramble for Africa 37 Bantus, Boers, and British in South Africa 39 Colonialism in Africa 40 Conclusion 42 Chapter Notes 43 China at Its Apex 44 Changeless China? 44 Traditional China in Decline Opium and Rebellion 47 The Taiping Rebellion v

2 Efforts at Reform 48 The Climax of Imperialism in China The Collapse of the Old Order 50 Chinese Society in Transition 53 The Impact of Western Imperialism Daily Life The Search for a New Reality in the Arts New Schools of Artistic Expression 85 Culture for the Masses 87 Conclusion 87 Chapter Notes The Status of Women 54 Traditional Japan and the End of Isolation 55 A "Closed Country" 55 The Opening of Japan 55 Rich Country, Strong Army 56 The Transformation of Japanese Politics 56 Meiji Economics 57 Building a Modern Social Structure 58 Joining the Imperialist Club 58 Conclusion 60 Chapter Notes 61 Reflection Part I 62 International Rivalry and the Coming of War 66 Crises in the Balkans, The Road to World War I 67 The War 68 Illusions and Stalemate, The Great Slaughter, The Widening of the War 71 The Home Front: The Impact of Total War 73 War and Revolution 74 The March Revolution in Russia 75 The Bolshevik Revolution 75 The Civil War 77 The Last Year of the War 78 The Versailles Peace Conference 78 The Failure of the Peace 80 The Search for Security 80 No Return to Normalcy 81 The Great Depression 82 Socialism in One Country 84 The Advance to Socialism 85 The Rise of Nationalism in Asia and Africa 90 Traditional Resistance: A Precursor to Nationalism 90 Modern Nationalism 91 Gandhi and the Indian National Congress 92 The Nationalist Revolt in the Middle East 95 Nationalism and Communism in Asia and Africa 98 Revolution in China 100 Mr. Science and Mr. Democracy: The New Culture Movement 100 The Nanjing Republic 101 Social Change in Republican China 104 Japan Between the Wars 105 Experiment in Democracy 105 A Zaibatsu Economy 105 Shidehara Diplomacy 106 Nationalism and Dictatorship in Latin America 107 A Changing Economy 107 The Effects of Dependency 107 Latin American Culture 110 Conclusion 110 Chapter Notes 111 The Rise of Dictatorial Regimes 112 The Birth of Fascism 113 Hitler and Nazi Germany 113 The Spread of Authoritarianism in Europe The Rise of Militarism in Japan 116 The Path to War in Europe 117 Stalin Seeks a United Front 118 Decision at Munich 118 The Path to War in Asia 120 A Monroe Doctrine for Asia 120 Tokyo's "Southern Strategy" vi

3 The World at War 121 The War in Europe 121 The New Order in Europe 124 War Spreads in Asia 125 The New Order in Asia 126 The Turning Point of the War, The Last Years of the War 129 The Home Front: Three Examples 131 The Soviet Union 131 The United States 131 Japan 132 The Peace Settlement 132 Conclusion 133 Chapter Notes 135 Reflection Part II 136 PART III ACROSS THE IDEOLOGICAL DIVIDE EAST AND WEST IN THE GRIP OF THE COLD WAR 140 The Collapse of the Grand Alliance 141 The Iron Curtain Descends 141 The Truman Doctrine and the Beginnings of Containment 141 Europe Divided 143 Cold War in Asia 145 The Chinese Civil War 145 The Korean War 148 Conflict in Indochina 149 From Confrontation to Coexistence 150 Khrushchev and the Era of Peaceful Coexistence 150 The Cuban Missile Crisis and the Move Toward Detente 152 The Sino-Soviet Dispute 153 The Second Indochina War 154 An Era of Equivalence 156 An End to Detente? 156 Countering the Evil Empire 157 Toward a New World Order 157 Conclusion 158 Chapter Notes 159 THE UNITED STATES, CANADA, AND LATIN AMERICA 160 The United States Since An Era of Prosperity 160 Move to the Right 163 Seizing the Political Center 164 The Changing Face of American Society 165 A Consumer Society, a Permissive Society 165 The Melting Pot in Action 166 Women and Society 166 The Environment 166 Cultural Trends 167 The World of Painting 167 New Concepts in Music and Architecture 167 New Trends in Literature 169 Popular Culture 169 Science and Technology 170 Canada: In the Shadow of Goliath 170 Democracy, Dictatorship, and Development in Latin America Since An Era of Dependency 172 Nationalism and the Military: The Examples of Argentina and Brazil 173 The Mexican Way 175 The Marxist Variant 176 Trends in Latin American Culture 179 Conclusion 179 Chapter Notes 180 BRAVE NEW WORLD: THE RISE AND FALL OF COMMUNISM IN THE SOVIET UNION AND EASTERN EUROPE 181 The Postwar Soviet Union 181 From Stalin to Khrushchev 181 The Brezhnev Years, Ferment in Eastern Europe 187 Unrest in Poland 188 The Hungarian Uprising 188 The Prague Spring 189 Culture and Society in the Soviet Bloc 189 Cultural Expression 189 Social Changes in the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe 191 The Disintegration of the Soviet Empire 192 The Gorbachev Era 193 vii

4 Eastern Europe: From Soviet Satellites to Sovereign Nations 194 End of Empire 194 The New Russia: From Empire to Nation 196 Conclusion 197 Chapter Notes 198 China's Changing Culture 230 Conclusion 232 Chapter Notes 233 Reflection Part III 234 Western Europe: Recovery and Renewal 199 The Triumph of Democracy in Postwar Europe 200 The Modern Welfare State: Three European Models 201 France 202 West Germany 203 Great Britain 205 Western Europe: The Search for Unity 207 The Curtain Rises: The Creation of the Common Market 207 The European Union 208 The Fall of the Iron Curtain 209 Europe Reunited 210 Aspects of Society in Postwar Europe 211 An Age of Affluence 211 Expanding Roles for Women 212 The Environment and the Green Movements 213 Aspects of Culture in Postwar Europe 214 Conclusion 216 Japan: Asian Giant 239 The Transformation of Modern Japan: Politics and Government 240 The Economy 242 A Society in Transition 244 Religion and Culture 246 South Korea: A Peninsula Divided 248 The Korean Model 248 The Transition to Democracy 249 Taiwan: The Other China 249 Taiwan Under Nationalist Rule 250 Crafting a Taiwanese Identity 251 Singapore and Hong Kong: The Littlest Tigers 251 On the Margins of Asia: Postwar Australia and New Zealand 254 Conclusion 255 Chapter Notes 256 China Under Mao Zedong 217 New Democracy 217 The Transition to Socialism 219 The Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution China After Mao 220 The Four Modernizations 220 Incident at Tiananmen Square 222 From Marx to Confucius 223 Serve the People: Chinese Society Under Communism 224 The Politics of the Mass Line 224 Economics in Command 225 Social Problems South Asia 257 The End of the British Raj 257 Independent India 258 The Land of the Pure: Pakistan Since Independence 260 Poverty and Pluralism in South Asia 261 South Asian Art and Literature Since Independence 265 Gandhi's Vision 266 Southeast Asia 266 The End of the Colonial Era 266 The Era of Independent States 267 Recent Trends 268 viii

5 Regional Conflict and Cooperation: The Rise of ASEAN 270 Daily Life: Town and Country in Contemporary Southeast Asia 271 Cultural Trends 272 Conclusion: A Region in Flux 273 Chapter Notes 274 Contemporary Literature and Art in the Middle East 305 Conclusion 307 Chapter Notes 308 Reflection Part IV 309 Uhuru: The Struggle for Independence Colonial Reforms 276 The Legacy of Colonialism 276 The Rise of Nationalism The Era of Independence 278 Pan-Africanism and Nationalism: The Destiny of Africa 278 Dream and Reality: Political and Economic Conditions in Independent Africa 280 The Search for Solutions 282 Continuity and Change in Modern African Societies 284 Education 285 Urban and Rural Life 285 African Women 285 African Culture 287 Literature 287 African Music 289 Conclusion: Gathered at the Beach 290 Chapter Notes 291 Crescent of Conflict 292 The Question of Palestine 293 Nasser and Pan-Arabism 293 The Arab-Israeli Dispute 294 Revolution in Iran 296 Crisis in the Gulf 298 After the Cold War: The End of History? 313 Contemporary Capitalism and Its Discontents 313 Europe: Speed Bumps on the Road to Unity 313 The United States: Capitalism Ascendant 314 Asian Miracle or Asian Myth? 314 Eliminating Poverty 315 From the Industrial to the Technological Revolution 315 A Transvaluation of Values 316 The Family 317 Religion 317 Technology 318 Capitalism 318 One World, One Environment 318 The Issue of Global Warming 319 The Population Debate 319 Global Village or Clash of Civilizations? 320 The Arts: Mirror of the Age 322 Chapter Notes 323 Suggested Reading 325 Index 333 Politics and Society in the Contemporary Middle East 300 The Economics of Oil 301 The Islamic Revival 303 Women and Islam 304 ix