SUB Hamburg A/ Talons of the Eagle. Latin America, the United States, and the World. PETER H.^MITH University of California, San Diego

Transcription

1 SUB Hamburg A/ Talons of the Eagle Latin America, the United States, and the World PETER H.^MITH University of California, San Diego FOURTH EDITION New York Oxford OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS

2 BRIEF CONTENTS Preface xii Introduction: Global Politics and U.S.-Latin American Relations 1 1 The European Game 13 PART I: THE IMPERIAL ERA 2 The Gospel of Democracy 41 3 Latin America: Responses to Imperialism 64 4 Mr. Roosevelt's Neighborhood 92 PART II: THE COLD WAR 5 Closing Ranks Making Friends Crushing Enemies Latin America: Fighting the Cold War 177 PART III: GLOBALIZATION AND WAR 9 The 1990s: Hegemony and Geoeconomics Latin America: Playing the Geoeconomic Game Post 9/11: The War on Terror Latin America: Seizing Opportunities Dilemmas of Immigration Drug Trafficking, Drug Wars 308 PART IV: REFLECTIONS 15 Debating U.S. Policy Conclusion: Structure and Change in U.S.-Latin American Relations 357 A Guide to Further Reading 376 Index 387

3 CONTENTS "Preface xii Introduction Global Politics and U.S.-Latin American Relations 1 Analytical Tools 2 Concepts of Power 4 Overview 6 Caveats and Limitations 8 PART I: THE IMPERIAL ERA 1 THE EUROPEAN GAME 13 European Rivalry in the New World 14 Imperial Order: The Rules of the Game 16 Enter the United States 18 U.S. Imperialism I: Territorial Expansion 19 Pocketbook Diplomacy 20 Military Conquest 21 Eyes upon Cuba 23 U.S. Imperialism II: Commercial Empire 26 A Sphere of One's Own: The Pan-American Community 30 Obtaining John Bull's Acquiescence 31 Securing the Caribbean 34 Spanish-Cuban-American War 34 Taking Panama 36 Recipe for Intervention 39 Questions for Review 40 2 THE GOSPEL OF DEMOCRACY 41 Roles of Ideology 41 The Meanings of Manifest Destiny 42 Obstacles to Democracy 46 History and Character 46 The Problem of Race 48 Intervention for Democracy 51 Taking Sides: The Mexican Revolution 54 Dollar Diplomacy I: The Dominican Republic ( ) 56 Dollar Diplomacy II: Nicaragua ( ) 57 Dollar Diplomacy III: Haiti ( ) 60 Promoting Democracy? 62 Questions for Review 63

4 viii CONTENTS 3 LATIN AMERICA: RESPONSES TO IMPERIALISM 64 Option 1: The Bolivarian Dream 66 Option 2: External Powers 68 Pax Britannica? 68 Opposition to Pan Americanism 70 Hispanidad and Francophilia 71 Option 3: Rivalry and Subregional Hegemony 72 Argentina's Manifest Destiny 74 God Is a Brazilian 75 Option 4: Doctrines and Diplomacy 77 Cultures of Resistance 80 Mexico: War and Invasion 81 Cuba: Inside the Monster 83 Nicaragua: Origins ofsandinismo 84 Continental Solidarity 88 In Retrospect 89 Questions for Review 91 4 MR. ROOSEVELT'S NEIGHBORHOOD 92 Crucibles: Nicaragua and Cuba 93 Nicaragua, Cuba, The Good Neighbor Policy: Political Dimensions 96 Cuba, The Good Neighbor Policy: Economic Dimensions 99 Applying Leverage 103 Extending Assistance? 106 The Good Neighbor Policy: Ideological Dimensions 108 Sizing Up the Neighborhood 111 Questions for Review 113 PART II: THE COLD WAR 5 CLOSING RANKS 117 United States as Superpower 117 Cold War: The Rules of the Game 119 The Cold War in Latin America 123 Courting Dictators 126 Cleaning House 128 The Nixon Trip 131 Questions for Review MAKING FRIENDS 134 Social Science, Ideology, and Foreign Policy 135 The Alliance for Progress 138 Forming the Alliance 139 Requiem for Failed Expectations 143 Holding the Line: Dictators as Friends 144 Questions for Review 150

5 Contents ix 7 CRUSHING ENEMIES 151 Intervention in Guatemala 152 Cuba, Castro, and the Bay of Pigs 155 The Dominican Invasion 158 Chile: Allende Overthrown 161 The Seizure of Grenada 166 Central America: The Contra War 168 El Salvador 169 Nicaragua 170 On U.S. Interventions 175 Questions for Review LATIN AMERICA: FIGHTING THE COLD WAR 177 Option 1: The Socialist Path 178 Parties and Elections 178 Guerrilla Movements 180 Revolutionary States 182 Option 2: The Anticommunist Crusade 185 Deliverance for Dictatorship 186 National Security Doctrines 189 Human Rights and the United States 193 Option 3: Seeking a Third Way 194 A New International Economic Order? 194 Nonalignment and Foreign Policy 197 From Contadora to Esquipulas 199 Legacies of War 201 Questions for Review 202 PART III: GLOBALIZATION AND WAR 9 THE 1990s: HEGEMONY AND GEOECONOMICS 205 Aftermath of the Cold War 205 Rearrangements of Power 206 Hegemony by Default? 207 Toward a New Economic Agenda 209 The Washington Consensus 211 North American Free Trade 213 From NAFTA to FTAA? 219 Summitry and Setbacks 220 Geoeconomics: The Rules of the Game 223 Questions for Review LATIN AMERICA: PLAYING THE GEOECONOMIC GAME 226 Narrowing Options 226 Twilight of Revolution? 227 Forms of Economic Integration 229 Model 1: Trading Around 229 Model 2: Joining with the North 230 Model 3: Subregional Integration 232 Model 4: Hubs and Spokes 233

6 x CONTENTS The Outside World 235 The European Campaign 235 The Asia Card 237 The Problem of Asymmetrical Significance 238 Legacies of Neoliberal Reform 239 Protest and Resistance 241 Policy Debates 244 Questions for Review POST 9/11: THE WAR ON TERROR 246 Unleashing War 247 Concurrent Developments 250 Obamas Wars 254 Exiting Iraq 255 Afghanistan 256 War on Terror: The Rules of the Game 257 Two-Level Games 260 George Bush and Latin America 260 Regime Change and Democracy 262 Obama and Latin America 264 Cuba (Again) 265 Coup in Honduras 266 Questions for Review LATIN AMERICA: SEIZING OPPORTUNITIES 269 The Political Context 270 The New Left 271 The Burial of FTAA 274 Latin America Divided 274 Mexico: Fox and Calderon 274 Brazil: Lula and Dilma 276 Venezuela: The One and Only Hugo 279 The Rest of the World 282 Europe 282 Japan 283 China 283 Iran? 285 Economic Growth and Change 287 Pulling Away from the United States? 288 The Benefits of Inattention 289 Questions for Review DILEMMAS OF IMMIGRATION 291 Immigration in Long-Term Perspective 291 Trends in U.S. Policy 294 Crisis in Haiti 297 The Post-9/11 Environment 300 Immigration and National Security 302 Immigration Under Obama 304 Questions for Review 307

7 Contents xi 14 DRUG TRAFFICKING, DRUG WARS 308 Production and Supply 308 Sources of Supply 309 _ Dimensions of Demand 312 Policies and Wars 314 The Clinton Years 316 The Bush Era 317 Obama: Rhetoric or Reality? 320 Crisis in Mexico 322 Retrospect: Impacts on Latin America 325 Prospect: Debates over Policy 328 Questions for Review 329 PART iv: REFLECTIONS 15 DEBATING U.S. POLICY 333 Varieties of Realism: Conservative and Progressive 334 The Relevance of Latin America 338 Confronting the Policy Process 341 Presidential Prerogatives 341 Complicating Factors I: Bureaucratic Wrangling 344 Complicating Factors II: Engaging the Public 346 Complicating Factors III: Partisan Polarization 347 Getting from Here to There 353 Back to the Future 354 Questions for Review CONCLUSION: STRUCTURE AND CHANGE IN U.S.-LATIN AMERICAN RELATIONS 357 Looking Back: Summation 357 Looking Back: Analysis 361 Explaining U.S. Policies 362 Understanding Latin American Responses 367 Differentiating Latin America 370 Looking Ahead: What Next? 372 A Guide to Further Reading 376 Index 387