Preface to Cold War. Preface

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1 Preface to Cold War Preface I have had the pleasure of teaching IB history for over 20 years, mainly at Malmö Borgarskola in Sweden but also on revision courses in England and in the United States. It is my hope that this guide will give students the best possible help when preparing for their history exams. My main aim is to encourage students to practise structuring essays. Each section of text is followed by a number of essay outlines. The idea is that students will first try to make their own outline and then compare it with mine. I have used this method with great success during my years as an IB teacher. By the early 1990s, we thought we had put the Cold War behind us but in recent years, relations between the former antagonists have been very strained. What we must keep in mind about the Cold War period is that, while the superpowers were confronting each other on several issues, integration was increasing in Western Europe. The emergence of the EU is the most significant example of this. But history can unexpectedly take new paths. We are now living in a time of upheaval with events such as Brexit. Some may also see the US presidential elections in 2016 in this light. Commentators said that the West we have known since WWII, with cooperation and internationalization, now appears to be coming to an end. It is reasonable to assume that these events will one day become a new topic in the IB History syllabus, but it is only after we have distanced ourselves from these developments, that we can analyse them from a historical perspective which is why the IB has its 10-year rule. I currently divide my time between working at Malmö Borgarskola and as Secretary General of Star for Life, an organization that conducts education among 100,000 young people in Africa. My passion and my interest in education serves me in both these roles. This guide allows me to share some of the experience and knowledge I have acquired during more than two decades. Teaching history remains one of my greatest passions. Sam Olofsson 3

2 Contents Contents Syllabus Relevance... 6 How to Use This Study Guide... 7 List of Essay Outlines... 8 Essay Guidance... 9 Credits/Acknowledgements The Breakdown of the Grand Alliance and the Emergence of Superpower Rivalry in Europe and Asia ( ) Overview Two Different Ideologies Marxism-Leninism versus Liberalism and Market Economy, i.e., the Ideologies Tension between the USSR and the US before WWII In What Way Did WWII Contribute to the Cold War? Events from WWII That Soured the Relationship... between the US and the USSR Casablanca, January The Cairo Conference, November The Tehran Conference, November and December Yalta, February Potsdam, July Historiography : The Disintegration of the Wartime Alliance : The Truman Doctrine The Official Start of the Cold War? : Rising Tension Cold War Crisis 1: The Berlin Blockade : The Formation of Two Germanys and NATO. China Turns to Communism Korea, the US, the USSR and China: Superpower Relations ( ), Containment, Peaceful Co-Existence, Sino-Soviet and Sino-US Relations, Détente : The Cold War Ignites the Korean War Cold War Crisis 2: North Korean Invasion of South Korea Impact and Significance of the 1950 Crisis Impact and Significance of the Korean War Two Cold War Leaders The Cold War : Confrontation and Détente Time for Détente (Lessening of Tension)? The New Russian Leadership after Stalin The Eisenhower Administration and the New Look The Non-Aligned Movement Cold War Crisis 3: Hungary Impact and Significance of the Hungarian Uprising Cold War Crisis 4: The Suez Crisis IB History Paper 2: Cold War Standard & Higher Level

3 Contents The Effects of the Suez Crisis Cold War Crisis 5: Berlin Impact and Significance of the Berlin Crisis Cold War Crisis 6: The Cuban Missile Crisis Cold War Crisis 7: The Congo Crisis The War in Indochina Cold War Crisis 8: The Prague Spring Impact and Consequences of the Prague Spring Détente Overview The Indochina and Vietnam Wars, The Indochina War, Course of Events How Did the Cold War Affect the Great Powers at Geneva? The Vietnam War How Did the Vietnam War Affect the 1970s? Why Was There a Period of Détente in the Late 1960s and 1970s? Examples of Détente Ostpolitik The Decline of Détente What Challenged Détente in the 1970s? The Middle East Africa The Emergence of the New Right Afghanistan To the USSR, Afghanistan Had Far-Reaching Consequences The Coming of the Second Cold War and the Collapse of the USSR Overview The Background: Economic Stagnation during Brezhnev but an Increase of Military Spending Carter s policies : A Turning Point Ronald Reagan and his Systematic Challenge Soviet Problems Gorbachev and the Fall of Communism Historiography Germany, China, Vietnam and Cuba during the Cold War How was Germany Affected by the Cold War? How was China Affected by the Cold War? How was Vietnam Affected by the Cold War? How was Cuba Affected by the Cold War? The Nuclear Arms Race and the Major Arms Agreement What were the Main Events in the Arms Race ? Further Reading

4 1. The Breakdown of the Grand Alliance and the Emergence of Superpower Rivalry in Europe and Asia ( ) Author s tip Use these margins to write notes. 1. The Breakdown of the Grand Alliance and the Emergence of Superpower Rivalry in Europe and Asia ( ) Figure 1.1: Iron Curtain after Note: When Churchill talked about an Iron Curtain from Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic in 1946, he didn t realise that the eastern zone of Germany would be within the Eastern Bloc and that Yugoslavia was outside the Eastern Bloc after If you study the map it is possible to find Churchill s Iron Curtain, i.e., Stettin to Trieste. This map above shows the Iron Curtain after Overview As we mentioned in the preface, the early years of the Cold War are of major importance when you study the whole topic. Trying to find an explanation for the Cold War implies that you need to be able to answer the questions: Author s Tip Don t use the Cold War as an example of a war in an open question. It is, per definition, not a war! 1. What was the Cold War? 2. When did it start? 3. How would you explain the different ideologies? 4. How important were events before and during WWII? 5. Who was responsible for the Cold War? Ideologically, the USSR and the US represented two fundamentally different systems. There had already been major problems during the war and the alliance was more a result of a necessity to fight a mutual enemy than an expression of genuine understanding. It is clear that the US came out of the war as an economic superpower with access to nuclear weapons, while the USSR was in ruins. 1 Courtesy of Rickard Lundkvist 14 History Paper 2: The Cold War Standard & Higher Level

5 2. Korea, the US, the USSR and China: Superpower Relations ( ) Cold Warrior or not, it is interesting to note the Farewell Address to the Nation from President Eisenhower on 17 January Eisenhower, the former General who had led D-day and had led his country during eight Cold War years said: [ ] we must guard against the acquisition of unwarranted influence, whether sought or unsought, by the military industrial complex. The potential for the disastrous rise of misplaced power exists, and will persist. We must never let the weight of this combination endanger our liberties or democratic processes. 47 Student Activities Make an attempt to answer the question below. After you have written down your main points, compare them with the outline on the next page. Exercise 11: Examine how the Truman Doctrine and the policy of containment were implemented in the period ? (It is a list question. Go through chronologically how it was implemented and don t forget to define and explain the Truman Doctrine and the containment policy in the beginning.) Containment was the US policy that was adopted by President Truman in his Truman Doctrine in 1947 by which the US attempted to prevent further Soviet or communist expansion beyond territories occupied in No long-term co-operation with the USSR was possible and the intellectual basis had been provided by George Kennan in his Long Telegram from By supporting the free world mainly militarily but also economically, like the Marshall Plan in Europe and economic aid to Japan, the expansion of communism would be prevented. To prevent the expansion of communism resulted in the building of military alliances surrounding the Communists. The Truman Doctrine stated that it should be US policy to support nations who are fighting an internal or external communist threat. Initially intended only for Greece and Turkey but soon extended globally. Not only military means were used. Economical means, like the Marshall Plan, could be used. There is a lot of information so don t overwrite. Dealing with a question where you may know too many points requires that you emphasise your main points and briefly mention points of minor importance. The most important points are: 1. Help was given both to Greece and Turkey and they remained within the Western camp. 2. Truman was able to pass the Marshall Plan through the Congress in The effect of the Marshall Plan is normally considered as successful and led to a massive industrial growth with a GNP growth in Europe of around 15 25% annually. 3. From the late 1940s substantial aid was given to Japan to build a stronghold against communism in Asia. 4. Through the Berlin Airlift Berlin was saved from a communist takeover. 5. Germany was given both economic and political support. In 1949, the independence of West Germany was proclaimed and she received substantial economic aid. 6. In April 1949 NATO was founded. Twelve states joined the organisation and according to article 5, an armed attack against one or more be considered an attack on them all. 48 Germany became a full member in In 1950, there was full support for South Korea when they were attacked by the North. 8. To achieve containment and to stop the expansion of communism the NSC-68 report was implemented from It led to a massive US military build-up. 9. Containment and the Truman Doctrine were now implemented in Asia. The US started to support the French in the Indochina War and support was also given to protect Taiwan. The build-up of Japan was strengthened. 10. With Eisenhower a partly new foreign policy was introduced called the New Look. However, this policy was in essence not different. The aim was to prevent the spread of communism globally and to contain it. The talk about rollback proved to be rhetorical. 11. In 1954, the South-East Asian Treaty Organization (SEATO) was created by the US, France, Britain, Australia, New Zealand, the Philippines, Thailand and Pakistan, with the main aim of preventing communist expansion in South-East Asia. 12. In 1954, CIA supported a coup in Guatemala. 13. In 1955, the Baghdad Pact was formed between Britain, Iraq and later Iran and Pakistan with the aim of excluding the USSR from the Middle East. The US didn t join this pact but unofficially clearly supported it. 14. In January 1957, Eisenhower launched his Eisenhower Doctrine : the US Congress gave him the right to provide economic and military assistance to any Middle East country threatened with armed aggression or internal subversion. As a result of this the US intervened in Lebanon in July West Berlin survived Trade embargo against Cuba and the Bay of Pigs in ,000 US advisors in Vietnam. Conclusion: Summarise your main points. 47 Hanhimäki, J. M. and Westad, O. A., eds., The Cold War: A History in Documents and Eyewitness Accounts, p Edwards, O., The USA and the Cold War , p

Topic 5: The Cold War (Compiled from 10 Topic and 6 Topic Format) Revised 2012

Topic 5: The Cold War (Compiled from 10 Topic and 6 Topic Format) Revised 2012 [Since 1998, the pattern is: two subject specific questions, two questions allowing a choice of examples, and one question