AP Euro Year End Review. Sec3on 3

Transcription

1 AP Euro Year End Review Sec3on 3 1

2 THE AGE OF REALISM 2

3 Things to Remember ACer pueng down the revolu3ons of 1848, authoritarian forces reasserted themselves through na3on building Industrial Revolu3on spreads across all of Europe Realism dominated art and literature, rejec3ng Roman3cism 3

4 Key Terms Austro-Prussian War The Communist Manifesto Crimean War Dual Monarchy Red Shirts Reform Act of 1867 Second Empire Theory of Evolu3on 4

5 Key Terms Victorian Age zemstvos Zollverein Realpoli3k 5

6 Na3on Building and Reform France and the Second Empire Napoleon III seizes control of the Na3onal Assembly and extends his elected term to 10 years 1852 the French vote to establish 2 nd Empire Napoleon III is given authoritarian control Industrializes France Redesigns Paris 6

7 Na3on Building and Reform The End of the Concert of Europe O\oman Empire declining leads to major European powers to jump at the opportunity to fill the void The Crimean War No longer did na3ons work to balance power 7

8 Na3on Building and Reform Italian Unifica3on Count Cavour strikes a deal with Napoleon III to drive the Austrians out of Italy Figh3ng leads to Italian na3onalism Garibaldi leads the Red Shirts against the Kingdom of Two Sicilies Cavour and Garibaldi agree not to fight and allow King Victor Emmanuel II to unite Italy in

9 Na3on Building and Reform German Unifica3on By 1853, all German states join the Zollverein except Austria Liberal dissenters in Prussia lead to the appoint of O\o von Bismarck in Prussia Bismarck launches aggressive foreign policy to distract from problems at home Prussia, acer three wars, unifies Germany Na3onalism 9

10 Na3on Building and Reform The Franco-Prussian War Prussia s growth makes France uncomfortable Bismarck insults France and they declare war Napoleon III s army is weak, Prussia captures Paris South German states join Prussia and name Prussian William I as emperor France from this point forward HATE Germans and constantly look for revenge 10

11 Na3on Building and Reform Austrian Empire Urban classes demand change to Habsburgs autocra3c rule Military defeats decrease support Dual Monarchy of Austria-Hungary created in 1867 Different cons3tu3onal governments, same ruler Does li\le to make ethnici3es happy 11

12 Na3on Building and Reform Imperial Russia Crimean War leads to reform Russia falling further behind Western Europe Serfdom abolished in 1861 Zemstvos created to allow some local control Tsar Alexander II assassinated by angry mob Tsar Alexander III returns to repressive autocra3c rule 12

13 Na3on Building and Reform Victorian England Reform Act of 1832 gives power to middle class Working class demanded the vote Leads to Reform Act of 1867 Con3nued control of Bri3sh Empire 13

14 Industrializa3on and Its Cri3cs Many investors become rich Marx and Engels The Communist Manifesto Proletariat vs. bourgeois Social change not possible within democra3c capitalism The First Interna3onal Interna3onal Working Men s Associa3on (Marx) Members fight with each other and it collapses 14

15 Science and Culture Scien3fic Advances General public benefits for scien3fic advances Thermodynamics (electric generator) Louis Pasteur Leads to seculariza3on of European Society Materialism Truth found in concrete fact not spiritual or emo3onal 15

16 Science and Culture Charles Darwin Theory of Evolu3on On the Origin of Species Influenced by Thomas Malthus Species struggle for existence Started with plants and animals but extends this to humans in 1871 Darwin is cri3cized for contradic3ng the crea3on story 16

17 Science and Culture Health Care Louis Pasteur discovers microorganisms Leads to pasteuriza3on of foods Sociology Sociology developed by Auguste Comte Literature Materialism Reali3es of everyday life Charles Dickens Roman3cism rejected 17

18 Science and Culture Art Rejec3on of roma3cism Focus on peasant life 18

19 THE AGE OF PROGRESS 19

20 Things to Remember Most countries democra3ze while some resist liberalism to maintain their power Economic progress reached new heights during the Second Industrial Revolu3on Europeans change gender roles, educa3on, and leisure-3me ac3vi3es 20

21 Key Terms anarchism Kulturkampf cartels mass educa3on evolu3onary socialism mass leisure home rule mass poli3cs 21

22 Key Terms mass society Third Republic Paris Commune plutocrats tariffs 22

23 Industrial Prosperity Industrial Growth Steel used in mul3ple ways Advances in electricity Manufacturers look for new markets Foreign compe33on leads to domes3c coopera3on Germany surpasses Great Britain as an industrial power Germans open to innova3on, English tradi3onal 23

24 Industrial Prosperity The Second Industrial Revolu3on and Women Secretaries and sales clerks The job that shall not be named The Working Classes Trade unions emerge to help unemployed Karl Marx ideas become important to the working class Socialist can t agree on how to proceed Radicals dric towards anarchism and assassina3on 24

25 The Birth of Mass Society Demographics Europe s popula3on doubles between Rising birth rates, falling death rates Industrial growth could not sustain rising popula3on Many leave farms to find work City popula3ons grow rapidly 25

26 The Birth of Mass Society Social Structure Landed aristocracy and powerful industrialists merge social classes Leads to a plutocracy for most of Europe Middle class Size makes them influen3al Values focus on hard work Women exerted influence towards gender rela3ons Working Class Women are taken advantage of 26

27 The Birth of Mass Society Social Structure Mass educa3on leads to increase in literacy Newspapers compete with sensa3onalism Governments use an educated popula3on to serve the needs of the modern state Economic prosperity leads to mass leisure Amusement parks Sports Entertainment 27

28 The Na3onal State & Mass Poli3cs Great Britain Efforts are made to put liberalism into prac3ce Vo3ng rights for men and poli3cal par3es Increase salaries for members of parliament Ireland did not receive the same benefits France S3ll figh3ng to decide on the government Fourth Republic established in 1875 which lasts un3l World War II 28

29 The Na3onal State & Mass Poli3cs Germany German society remains divided acer unifica3on Bismarck retains most of the poli3cal power Kulturkampf Liberal reforms are abandoned acer threat of socialism Bismarck does try to fix problems for workers Bismarck replaced in

30 The Na3onal State & Mass Poli3cs Russia Liberal reforms seen as dangerous and harmful Government is centralized to maintain control Russifica3on 30

31 MODERNITY AND WAR 31

32 Things to Remember Na3onalism is used to jus3fy imperialism, which leads to poli3cal rivalries, which leads to war Need for resources and markets leads to imperialism and an arms race New ideas regarding science and philosophy challenge the no3ons of progress associated with the Enlightenment 32

33 Key Terms abstract art mobiliza3on Bolsheviks Modernism Impressionism na3onaliza3on militarism pogroms 33

34 Key Terms psychoanalysis Scramble for Africa rela3vity theory self-determina3on repara3ons social Darwinism Schlieffen Plan suffragists 34

35 Key Terms total war Zionism Treaty of Brest-Litovsk Treat of Versailles trench warfare 35

36 Modern Scien3fic & Ar3s3c Thought Belief that all problems could be solved through applica3on of scien3fic research Challenged by new discoveries Planck s - quantum theory Curies radio ac3vity Einstein Theory of Rela3vity Philosophy ques3ons the usefulness of ra3onal though Nietzsche and existen3alism 36

37 Modern Scien3fic & Ar3s3c Thought Sigmund Freud develops psychoanalysis Darwin s theories become widely understood Leads to racism Literature reflects Naturalism and lose op3mism Impressionist s art rejects reality Embraces nature but in an emo3onal way Post-impressionism leads to modern art Modern art leads to Cubism and Abstract Art 37

38 New Direc3ons in Poli3cs Anxiety leads to mul3ple views of government Working class leans to socialism Na3onalists turn to racism Women seek rights and privileges such as vo3ng Emmeline Pankhurst uses violence An3-Semi3sm results from Social Darwinism Starts a push for Zionism 38

39 New Direc3ons in Poli3cs France pushes for more democracy Dreyfus Affair leads to a change in court systems Russia industrializa3on sparks socialist movements that were forced underground Russia and Japan go to war over expansion Leads to protests which were put down violently Leads to the October Manifesto (civil liber3es) 39

40 The New Imperialism Governments race for military advantages and pres3ge Fueling sta3ons for coal/diesel fleets Social Darwinism White man s burden Economic need for natural resources 40

41 The New Imperialism The Scramble for Africa Bri3sh expansion in South Africa leads to the Boar War Berlin Conference divides up the rest of the con3nent 41

42 The New Imperialism Asia Control of Asia is transferred to the Bri3sh government acer the Sepoy Mu3ny Japan remains isolated but a target for the West Opium Wars lead to increase domina3on of China Leads to the Boxer Rebellion Europeans send 1000s of troops to China which ends the Chinese Empire 42

43 SeEng the State for War O\o von Bismarck is able to prevent war for a long 3me Decline of the O\oman Empire leads to the Triple Alliance to maintain the balance of power The Kaiser pushes for confronta3on Leads to the development of the Triple Entante Austrian na3onalism leads to tensions in the Balkins 43

44 The Outbreak of War Na3onal honor is a high priority for European leaders Warfare used to remedy domes3c problems Large armies are created to show strength Archduke Franc Ferdinand Germany encourages Austria to retaliate Na3ons mobilize for war Germany enacts the Schlieffen Plan 44

45 The Great War All na3ons thought the war would be short Machine gun leads to trench warfare Russia loses 2,000,000 men and no longer are a threat War becomes a stalemate Bri3sh seek the help of Arabia USA joins the war in 1917 Total war is used by governments Women forced to take jobs leading to the right to vote 45

46 Revolu3on in Russia Dissa3sfac3on with tsarist rule peaked during WWI Tsar replace in 1917 by provisional government Mensheviks vs. Bolsheviks Bolsheviks fight in the civil war Red Army vs. White Army Communists win out and execute dissenters 46

47 The War Ends Americans turn the 3de of war Kaiser William II abdicates 11/11/18 The new government signs an armis3ce 9,000,000 soldiers die, 22,000,000 wounded Woodrow Wilson asked to help bring peace 14 Points 47

48 The Treaty of Versailles Britain and France want to hold Germany responsible for the war and pay repara3ons Crea3on of the League of Na3ons Germans are outraged about the terms of the treaty Eastern Europe is reconfigured based on ethnic na3onalism O\oman Empire is dissolved Former lands controlled by Britain and France 48

49 TURMOIL AND WAR 49

50 Things to Remember Communism had taken root in the Soviet Union, Germany was infuriated by the Treaty of Versailles, leading to war The years were marked with op3mism and great disillusionment Tradi3onal codes of behavior are overturned as women and youth sought greater freedom 50

51 Key Terms Allied powers collec3viza3on appeasement Dawes Plan Axis powers fascism Blitzkrieg Great Depression 51

52 Key Terms Hiroshima Normandy invasion League of Na3ons Nuremberg Laws Nazis Spanish Civil War New Economic Policy Holocaust 52

53 Key Terms Stalingrad Weimar Germany Surrealism Yalta totalitarianism Treaty of Locarno 53

54 A Precarious Peace France insisted that Germany make repara3ons Germany can t pay them France occupies the Ruhr Valley Dawes Plan Kellogg-Briand Pact makes war illegal 54

55 The Great Depression 1920s is a 3me of tremendous economic growth (except Germany) American Stock Market crases in 1929 Raising American tariffs stall world s economy Unemployment hits all na3ons Most severe in Gemrany 55

56 Retreat From Democracy European countries embrace totalitarianism to control economies, poli3cs, and social life Fascism takes root in countries who feel humiliated acer WWI 56

57 Retreat From Democracy Fascist Italy Not taken seriously by other na3ons acer WWI High unemployment Mussolini takes charge of figh3ng communism Violently a\acks opposi3on Fascists march to Rome and seize power in 1922 Fascism never fully implemented in Italy Church, youth, and media 57

58 Retreat From Democracy Nazi Germany Very weak Weimar Republic Hitler gains popularity in Munich, Nazis 1921 Beer Hall Riots 1923, Hitler goes to jail Writes Mein Kampf German na3onalism, an3-semi3sm, Lebensraum Germany s elite eager to cooperate with Nazis Nazis use an3-communist to a\ract members 58

59 Retreat From Democracy Nazi Germany (con3nued) Nazis win power in parliament and set up dictatorship in 1934 Government based on Aryan superiority Propaganda gains support Nuremberg Laws and concentra3on camps 59

60 The Soviet Union New Economic Policy needed to recover from WWI Lenin dies and Trotsky and Stalin fight for power Stalin ins3tutes radical measures to transform USSR into modern state Peasants forced onto farms Property confiscated Secret police 60

61 The Spanish Civil War Popular Front take control and fight the Spanish military Francisco Franco leads the Spanish military with the help of Germany and Italy Military wins acer civilian deaths Franco becomes dictator of Spain un3l

62 Culture During the Interwar Years Eight-hour workday Common people could be leisurely Radio and Mo3on Pictures Authoritarian governments use this to their advantage Abstract art tries to express chaos of modern life Freud s views make up part of literature 62

63 The Road to War Hitler determined to conquer Russia and Slavic peoples Bri3sh appeasement tries to prevent war with an aggressive Hitler Hitler scraps the Treaty of Versailles Czechoslovakia, Austria, Poland 63

64 War Germans develop Blitzkrieg Poland is divided between Germany and USSR Germans a\ack Western Europe Final Solu3on imposed Churchill takes control of Bri3sh Ba\le of Britain Hitler invades Northern Africa and the USSR 64

65 War Pearl Harbor Japan becomes aggressive to its neighbors USA cuts off their oil supply Japan bomb Hawaii which leads to a declara3on of war against Japan Germany declares war on USA three days later 65

66 War Turning Points Allies suspicious of each other Decide on uncondi3onal surrender Strong demand from home front Bri3sh and American invade Northern Africa Soviets defeat Germany at Stalingrad 66

67 War Conclusion Normandy Allies close in on Germany from all sides Hitler commits suicide Allies turn their a\en3on to Japan Atomic bombing 67

68 ACermath 60 million people died Europe is in ruins Yalta Conference set the stage for the Cold War Stalin forbids free elec3ons Iron Curtain is established separa3ng East and West Europe 68

69 1945 April 30, 2015 THE COLD WAR AND AFTER 69

70 Things to Remember Eastern and Western Europe were separated as they chose to side with the USA or the Soviet Union Post WWII, Western Europe economy rebounds. Governments embrace welfare programs and decoloniza3on People ques3on the meaning of tradi3onal society. 70

71 Key Terms Abstract Expressionism Cuban Missile Crises Berlin Air LiC decoloniza3on Berlin Wall détente Brezhnev Doctrine ethnic cleansing 71

72 Key Terms European Economic Community European Union existen3alism feminism glasnost globaliza3on Iron curtain Korean War 72

73 Key Terms Marshall Plan Truman Doctrine na3onaliza3on Warsaw Pact NATO welfare state perestroika 73

74 Cold War Begninnings Post-WWII Eastern Europe Buffer Zone Truman Doctrine Greece and Turkey Marshall Plan West Germany unifies Blockade of Berlin Soviets get the bomb NATO 74

75 Europe and the Cold War Korean War United Na3ons End of colonialism creates poli3cal voids Pales3nian Ques3on Suez Crises Indian independence NATO 75

76 The Soviet Union Economic recovery Scien3fic advances Khrushchev s destaliniza3on Berlin Wall Cuban Missile Crises Brezhnev Helsinki Agreement of 1975 Invasion of Afghanistan Gorbachev Perestroika and glasnost Yeltsin and the end of the Soviet Union 76

77 Transi3on of Eastern Europe 1968 Hungary reform movement Communism with a human face Brezhnev Doctrine Polish revolts Collapse of the Berlin Wall Yugoslavia Ethnic cleansing 77

78 The Revival of Western Europe France and Charles de Gaulle West Germany Chris3an Democra3c governments Social Democra3c governments Guest workers Labour Party of the UK Thatcher and austerity 78

79 Western European Unity NATO European Coal and Steel Community European Economic Community 1957 European Community 1973 European Union 1994 Euro 79

80 Society and Culture Working classes and wage increases Consumerism Feminism Art and Abstract Expressionism Globaliza3on 80