3. Contrast realism with romanticism and describe each artistic approach.

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1 Study Guide -- Final Exam As you prepare for next week s final, focus on the following: The following topics will be covered: Congress of Vienna New "Isms" The Age of Revolution (Revolutions of 1848) Marxism and Realism Reform Movements Nationalism (Unification Movements) Mass Politics Society & Culture (Realism, Evolution, Sociology) Imperialism (Tools & Motives) Modernism (Freud, Nietzsche, Art & Culture, Science) Origins of World War I World War I Russian Revolutions The Years Between the Wars The Rise of Fascism World War II The Years After WWII Study: The terms from each lecture. Your lecture & discussion notes. Your textbook readings. Know the following about each topic (Note: I have not listed every idea/answer, just some of the major ones) Also, the sample essay questions are samples, just to give you an idea of what to expect: 1.. Trace the causes of reform in Britain from the 1820's to 1848, noting the political, economic, and religious issues involved and the role played by king and Parliament. 2. Discuss the discontent in France that led to the revolution of 1848, explain the role of the working class, and account for the emergence of a republic ruled by the nephew of an emperor. 3. Contrast realism with romanticism and describe each artistic approach. 1

2 4. Analyze Marx's interpretation of history, including economic determinism, and the role of class conflict, and explain how his philosophy was influenced by science. 5. Describe the forces that worked for and against unification in Italy and account for the failure of the revolutions of the early nineteenth century. 6. Explain why Bismarck needed a war between Prussia and France, how he manipulated the two nations into war, and why the outcome of the war was so important to the future of Europe. Be familiar with the unification movements in both Italy and Germany. 7. Trace the evolution of democracy in Great Britain from 1867 to 1911 and relate it to the social and economic problems created by industrialization. 8. Discuss the various motives that contributed to the "new imperialism" pursued by European countries in the late nineteenth century. 9. Be familiar with the events which led to WWI. Who was involved? Where? When? Why? WORLD WAR I: Causes: Archduke Francis Ferdinand Alliance Systems The part played by each country: France, Russia, Austria, Germany, Serbia, Britain, Italy, U.S.A. Battles: Marne Gallipoli Verdun Somme What brought the U.S. in: Unrestricted submarine warfare Russia bows out: Why? Treaty of Brest-Litovsk Results: 2

3 Paris Peace Conference Part played by Woodrow Wilson Treaty of Versailles Positives? Negatives? Who was most affected? Lasting results? 1. Assess the immediate and long-range responsibilities of all the major parties, including Serbia, in precipitating the general war of Assess the Versailles Treaty in terms of those provisions that carried in them the potential for future trouble in Europe. RUSSIAN REVOLUTIONS: Causes: Autocratic government of Tsar Nicholas II Effects of WWI on Russia Hunger, Cold, Depression, Strikes Results: March Revolution Collapse of autocracy: goodbye Romanov dynasty Provisional Government Problems of government: fight for control Problems of society: famine, hunger, dissatisfaction Individuals Lenin and the rise of Bolshevism Causes & Results Trotsky and the role he played 1. Analyze the factors, both long-range and immediate (especially World War I), that had an effect on the collapse of the tsarist government in March Describe the plans and actions of Lenin and his comrades in 1917 and account for their seizure of power from the Provisional Government in November. 3. Describe Stalin?s rise to power, explain how his view of the revolution differed from Lenin?s, and describe his program of collectivization and its effects. THE TWENTIES--THE INTERWAR YEARS: Postwar Pessimism & Disillusionment Why? Causes? Literature and Art Existentialism 3

4 1. Analyze the causes for the pessimism of postwar artists and intellectuals, explaining those things that troubled them most and citing examples from their works to back up your arguments. THE RISE OF FASCISM & COMMUNISM: What is fascim? How did it affect Italy and Germany? Mussolini and Hitler Why were people open to it/accepting of it? What is communism? Stalin / Russia 1. Describe the conditions in Europe that brought about the collapse of democratic and parliamentary institutions, and contributed to the rise of fascism in the 1920?s and 1930?s. 2. Analyze fascism in terms of its major principles and discuss those social groups that were attracted to fascist ideas and movements. 3. Describe the steps Hitler took to establish his dictatorship and the means he used to gain and manipulate the support of the German people. WORLD WAR II Causes What led to war? Who was involved? Alliances? Hitler?German rearmament, remilitarizes the Rhineland What were his goals? How did he expect to reach them? German-Japanese anticommunist pact Anschluss Munich Agreement Franco?Spain Germany invades Czechoslovakia Italy invades Albania Pact of Steel?Hitler and Mussolini Germany invades Poland War declared by Britain and France Japanese attack Pearl Harbor (U.S. now involved) The Holocaust Battles Battle of Britain 4

5 Midway (Pacific Ocean) Stalingrad (Soviet Union) El Alamein (North Africa) D-Day (Allies land in Normandy) Results Germany surrenders U.S. drops atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki What was Europe?s position in world affairs after the war? New balance of power? United Nations 1. Analyze Hitler?s foreign policy goals and the reasons behind them, as stated in Mein Kampf, and discuss the reactions of other nations to these aims. 2. Explain why Hitler invaded the Soviet Union and why this invasion failed and began to turn the tide of the war against the Third Reich. 3. Describe in general terms the war in Asia and the Pacific, and explain how the Battle of Midway changed the war and how victory over the Japanese was finally achieved. THE YEARS AFTER WORLD WAR II: The Cold War Causes? Truman Doctrine Marshall Plan NATO Decolonization Who was involved? How was it done? Results? Democratization What was it? Causes? Effects? 5