Global History Regents Review Packet

Transcription

1 Name Date: Global History Regents Review Packet EUROPE Scientific Revolution Questioning traditional ideas on science Experiment and Evidence Geocentric Model: Earth-centered model of the universe, supported by the Church Heliocentric Model: Sun-centered model of the universe o Copernicus o Galileo proved with his telescope o Church opposed this model Isaac Newton- Laws of Gravity Scientific Method systematic approach to solving scientific problems Enlightenment (1600s-1700s) Age of Reason: questioning traditional ideas on government (Absolute Monarchy- King had 100 percent of the power and the people had 0 rights and freedoms) Natural Rights- Rights every person is born with John Locke (Enlightenment Philosopher) o Natural Rights: Life, Liberty, Property o Government should be the consent of the governed (Government should be what the people want- people should participate in government) o Democratic form of government o People can overthrow the government if the government does not protect natural rights This sets the stage for revolutions (American Revolution, French Revolution, Latin American Revolutions) o Opposition to absolutism o Two Treatises on Government o Government has no other end, but the preservation of property. Baron de Montesquieu o Three branches of government, separation of powers and checks and balances o If power is consolidated then it will cause tyranny (abuse of power) o Same as United States division of its federal government o "When the legislative and executive powers are united in the same person, or in the same body of magistrates [government officials], there can be no liberty; because apprehensions [fears] may arise, lest the same monarch or senate should enact tyrannical laws to execute them in a tyrannical manner..."

2 Voltaire: Freedom of Speech Rousseau: The Social Contract French Revolution ( ) 3 estates o First Estate: clergy o Second Estate: nobility o Third Estate: everyone else Tax burden fell on the 3 rd Estate Unequal land and wealth distribution Declaration of Rights of Man and of Citizen (Limited Monarchy) Louis XVI was overthrown Reign of Terror: Jacobins (Radicals)- Leader: Robespierre o Human rights violations o Used violent methods to eliminate opponents Napoleon ( ) Coup d etat: quick seizure of power French Empire Restoration of political stability Nationalism increased Napoleonic Code- treated people equally under the law Mistake: invasion of Russia (not prepared for harsh winter climate) Congress of Vienna Wanted to restore pre-french Revolution conditions Prince Klemens von Metternich Balance of Powers- countries would be strong enough to prevent one country from conquering Legitimacy- only monarchs with legitimate power should be ruling Conservatism- return to traditional ways Italian Unification ( ) Nationalism unites countries Self-determination Cavour (Brain), Mazzini (Soul), Garibaldi (Sword) German Unification ( ) Nationalism unites countries Otto von Bismarck o Blood and Iron (War) o Franco-Prussian War Industrial Revolution (1700s-1800s) Started in Great Britain: natural resources: coal and iron, harbors, rivers, and a stable government Change in producing goods by hand to producing goods in French Revolution Absolute Monarchy Limited Monarchy No Monarchy (Reign of Terror) Empire (Napoleon)

3 o o factories with machines Production increased Urbanization: movement to cities Adam Smith: author of The Wealth of Nations Capitalism Laissez faire: government does not get involved in the economy Supply and demand Free market economy Private business and private ownership Karl Marx: author of the Communist Manifesto Communism Command economy: government control of the economy Workers overthrow the owners and create a classless society (everyone is equal) Bourgeoisie ( Haves, owners) vs. Proletariats ( Have Nots, workers) Marx was influenced by the Industrial Rev. Marx influenced the Russian Rev, Chinese Communist Rev., Cuban Communist Rev. State interests before individual interests World War I ( ) Causes o Militarism- glorification of war and arms race o Alliances- countries make agreements to support one another in war o Imperialism- competition between stronger countries for colonies o Nationalism Unites countries Divided empires Self-determination o Ethnic Conflicts: Powder Keg of the Balkans (many different nationalities that didn t get along) Assassination of Archduke Francis Ferdinand (Heir to the Austrian-Hungarian Throne) by a Serbian Nationalist- Immediate Cause New Technology o Submarines o Poison gas o Machine guns Western Front o Fighting between Germany and France o Trench warfare Armenian Massacre o Genocide

4 o Mass killing of a specific race or ethnicity o Over a million Armenians were killed o Armenians are Christians Treaty of Versailles o Treaty that ended WWI o Germany had to take full responsibility for causing the war o Germany lost land o Germany lost colonies o Germany had to pay reparations o United States did not sign o Caused conditions that eventually led to the rise of fascism League of Nations o International peacekeeping organization o United States did not join o Not able to stop Hitler Russian Revolution ( ) Czar Nicholas II o Absolute Monarch o Bloody Sunday Peace, Land, Bread (this is what the people wanted and what Lenin promised them) Czar overthrown Bolsheviks o Communists Lenin: Leader of the Bolsheviks Russia became the first communist country o Soviet Union (USSR) o NEP (New Economic Policy: allowed for some capitalist elements) (Lenin) Stalin o Totalitarian government Government with total power Censorship Propaganda o Great Purges- killing of all opponents o 5 Year Plan Plan for industrialization Less consumer goods o Collectivization Government run farms World War II ( ) Fascism o Extreme militarism, extreme nationalism and an unquestioning loyalty to a dictator

5 o Cause for the rise of fascism: economic hardship in Germany and Italy and resentment toward the Treaty of Versailles o Hitler and Mussolini Appeasement o Giving into someone s demands to keep peace o Munich Conference Hitler was able to take over the Sudetenland Aggression of Germany, Italy and Japan Spark: German invasion of Poland Hitler like Napoleon made a mistake invading the USSR- not prepared for the harsh winter conditions Pearl Harbor: Japan surprise attacked the United States o U.S. declared war the next day D-Day: turning point in the war o Allies invaded Normandy France o Caused Germany to fight a two front war Holocaust: genocide (Jews) Nuremberg Trials: accountability for people who created crimes against humanity United Nations: international peacekeeping organization Cold War ( ) Superpowers o United States and Soviet Union o Capitalism and Democracy v. Communism and Dictatorship Domino Theory: fear if one country fell to communism that others would Containment: U.S. foreign policy to stop the spread of Communism Marshall Plan: economic aid from the U.S. to Europe to stop the spread of Communism Truman Doctrine: economic aid from the U.S. to Greece and Turkey to stop the spread of Turkey Iron Curtain: symbol for Eastern Europe being dominated by the Soviet Union and blocked off from Western Europe Satellite Nations: Eastern European countries dominated by the USSR Alliances o NATO (U.S. and Western Europe) o Warsaw Pact (USSR and

6 Satellites) Space Race o Sputnik USSR launched first satellite into space Arms Race o Both U.S. and USSR have nuclear weapons o Fear of Nuclear War o Cuban Missile Crisis USSR put missiles in Cuba (90 miles off the coast of U.S.) Korean War (Proxy War)- Korea was divided along the 38 th Parallel o North Korea-Communist o South Korea- Anti-Communist o North Korea invaded South Korea o UN backed South Korea o Armistice- Demilitarized Zone (DMZ- Korea today is still divided) o North Korea- Hermit Kingdom with nuclear ambitions under the dictatorship of Kim Jung Un Vietnam War (Proxy War) o Vietnam was divided along the 17 th Parallel o North Vietnam- Communist (Ho Chi Minh) o US supported South Vietnam o Guerilla Warfare Détente: Easing of Cold War tensions Mikhail Gorbachev o Glasnost- openness o Perestroika- some capitalist elements (similar to Lenin s NEP) End: Breakup of the Soviet Union (1991) o Nationalism o Former Soviet Socialist Republics gained independence MODERN CONFLICTS Balkans Yugoslavia- multicultural state created after WWI Nationalism several ethnic groups declared independence Ethnic cleansing: Serbs attempted to kill all non-serbs Slobodan Milosevic- leader who ordered ethnic cleansing Yugoslavia became Serbia and Montenegro Montenegro and Kosovo gained independence MIDDLE EAST Turkey Kemal Ataturk

7 o Westernization and Modernization Israel Zionism: belief that Jews should have a homeland- Theodor Herzl Balfour Declaration: British promise to create a Jewish homeland in Palestine (1917) Israel Independence: 1948: resulted in conflict in the Middle East Palestinians- want to be their own independent state (nationalism) Conflict over the West Bank, Golan Heights and Sinai Peninsula Arab-Israeli Conflict Iran Iranian Revolution o Shah Reza Pahlavi Dictator Westernization and modernization overthrown o Ayatollah Khomeini Islamic fundamentalism- maintain traditional religious values in society Women s rights decreased Anti-west sentiments Iran Today o Fear of Iran having nuclear capabilities OPEC o Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries o Interdependence o Oil o Middle East o Goal: control oil prices Iraq Saddam Hussein- Dictator Persian Gulf War (1990) o Iraq invaded oil-rich Kuwait o UN supported Kuwait o Iraq was required to destroy all nuclear, biological and chemical weapons US accused Saddam Hussein of supporting terrorists (al Qaeda), having weapons of mass destruction (WMDs) and committing human rights violations (using poisonous gas against the Kurds) US and its coalition invaded Iraq and captured Saddam Hussein US officially ended its military mission Today: conflict between different factions, violence, and the rise of ISIS (Islamic State) Afghanistan Soviets invaded in 1979 Taliban- Islamic fundamentalist group

8 Osama bin Laden- responsible for the September 11 th Terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center US launched an attack on Afghanistan US drove Osama bin Laden and the Taliban from power Osama bin Laden was found and killed in Pakistan by US Special Forces Arab Spring Began in Tunisia (Northern Africa) in year old man set himself on fire to show frustration against the government and the police This event led to uprisings calling for democratic reform Tunisia o Had a repressive government o President fled and Tunisia set up free elections Egypt o use of social media o Egyptian dissatisfaction with President Mubarak s government o Protests were organized using Facebook and Twitter o Murbarak resigned and the military took control of the government Libya o Muammar Qaddafi was a brutal dictator for more than 40 years o Protests were held against his rule o Civil war began o Qaddafi fled and was killed Yemen o Protests led to the resignation of the 33 year rule of the president Syria o Civil war o Assad regime suppressed Arab Spring uprisings o ISIS- one of the opposition groups in Syria (originally part of al Qaeda but broke away because it was too extreme) Sunni Islam LATIN AMERICA Latin American Independence Movements Ideas were influenced by the Enlightenment, American Revolution and French Revolution Toussaint L Ouverture (Nationalist) o Independence movement leader in Haiti Simon Bolivar (Nationalist) o One of Latin America s greatest nationalist leaders o Won independence for Venezuela, New Granada (Colombia), Ecuador, Peru and Bolivia

9 Jose de San Martin (Nationalist) o Independence movement leader o Helped led Chile and Argentina to independence Mexican Revolution Causes: Porfirio Diaz was a dictator o Oppressed people o Favored wealthy and foreign investors o Most people were landless, uneducated and poor Revolutionaries o Emiliano Zapata o Francisco Pancho Villa Effects o Constitution of 1917 Land reform Guaranteed certain rights Cuban Revolution Political: oppression (dictatorship) o Fulgencio Batista- originally ruled as president of Cuba, but eventually became the dictator from Fidel Castro o Opposed Batista o Communist o Castro organized a guerilla army and was successfully able to overthrow Batista Results o Cuba became Communist INDIA British East India Company Took advantage of the Mughal Empire s weakness Sepoy Mutiny Led by Sepoys (Indian Soldiers) Mutinied because they found out guns were greased with animal fat from pigs and cows British lost control of the army and it took the East India Company more than a year to regain power This was a turning point: Britain imposed direct imperial control after this event Similar to Boxer Rebellion in China Colonial Rule Raj India became an official colony of Great Britain Great Britain took advantage of Indian resources and labor Nationalism Pride and love for one s country and opposition to foreign rule Indian National Congress Goal: Indian independence from Great Britain Muslim League

10 Organized in 1906 Purpose: to protect Muslim interests Felt they were not represented Mohandas Gandhi Nationalist Independence movement leader Passive resistance Civil disobedience Boycotts Salt march Hunger Strikes Homespun Movement Partition Act Official division of India and Pakistan Caused by religious and ethnic conflicts Conflict over the area of Kashmir Nuclear Proliferation Both India and Pakistan have nuclear weapons Nonalignment Not siding with one of the superpowers during the Cold War Taking aid from both sides Green Revolution Increase in food production due to advances in agricultural technology JAPAN Tokugawa Shogunate Isolation: virtual no contact with outside world End of Isolation U.S. wanted to trade with Japan U.S. wanted a port to repair and refuel their ships Commodore Matthew Perry o From: United States Brought a fleet of ships o Goal: Open Japan for trade Meiji Restoration Time period of major change Westernization: contact with US and Europe o Diplomats are sent to study western military and education systems Modernization: change from traditional ways Industrialization: factories and machines

11 o Creates a need for natural resources Restoration: brings back the emperor Imperial Japan Imperialism: stronger country takes over a weaker country for land, power, natural resources and new markets Japan needs: natural resources Japan created an empire WWII Pearl Harbor: Japan surprise attacked the United States at Pearl Harbor Hawaii o U.S. declared war on Japan the next day Japan was part of the Axis Powers Island Hopping: US military strategy in Japan Battle of Midway: turning point in the war in the Pacific o American victory Kamikaze: suicide pilots who would crash their planes into American ships Atomic Bomb: weapon of mass destruction o Manhattan Project: led by Robert Oppenheimer Creation of the atomic bomb o Dropped on Nagasaki and Hiroshima VJ Day: Japan surrendered CHINA European Imperialism Opium War o Great Britain was trading China opium (highly addictive drug) o Great Britain refused to stop trading China opium o War broke out- Great Britain won o Treaty of Nanjing Unequal treaty Britain received Hong Kong as a colony Extraterritoriality: foreigners were not subject to Chinese law o Spheres of influence An area where foreign nations controlled trade and investment Open Door Policy o United States foreign policy toward China o Proposed that China would be open to trade with all nations Boxer Rebellion o Nationalist movement o Goal: eliminate foreign influence Nationalism o Sun Yixian: leader of the Nationalist Party o Overthrew the Qing Dynasty Civil War Communist Party o Mao Zedong: leader

12 o Ideas from Karl Marx (Communist Manifesto) Nationalist Party o Leader: Chiang Kai-Shek (Jiang Jieshi) o Communists won Mao Zedong Great Leap Forward o Really great leap backward (major failure) o Communes Government owned farms Cultural Revolution o Red Guards Students who pledged their loyalty to Mao Destroyed any non-maoist things Killed Mao s enemies o Ensure communist loyalties o Shut down colleges and schools that threatened communism Deng Xiaoping Four Modernizations (SAID) o Science o Agriculture o Industry o Defense Some capitalist elements Tiananmen Square o Students protested for more democratic rights (100,000 people) o The government ordered the army to end the protest o Hundreds were killed and thousands wounded AFRICA Imperialism: a stronger country takes over a weaker country for land, resources, power and new markets (place to sell goods) Scramble for Africa European Countries were industrialized and wanted more resources and new places to sell goods Berlin Conference o Official division of Africa into colonies o The European countries ignored tribal and ethnic boundaries Justification for imperialism o White Man s Burden (Rudyard Kipling) Promoting imperialism Summary: duty of the

13 white to civilize the savage black man o Social Darwinism Stronger ethnic and racial groups will conquer weaker ones Results: African labor and resources were exploited (taken advantage of) Nationalism: pride and love for one s country and opposition to foreign rule Kwame Nkrumah: Nationalist in Ghana Jomo Kenyatta: Nationalist in Kenya Pan-Africanism: idea of unity of all Africans and people of African descent South Africa Apartheid: a system of racial segregation o Unequal conditions o Whites had superior conditions o Blacks were forced to live in rundown shantytowns Nelson Mandela o Anti-Apartheid leader o Nonviolence o ANC leader o Jailed for 27 years o Symbol for freedom African National Congress o Anti-apartheid political party Desmond Tutu: anti-apartheid leader o Tried to convince nations and businesses to stop trade with South Africa (Sanctions) F.W. de Klerk: president of South Africa who ended apartheid and released Nelson Mandela from jail Rwanda Ethnic tensions led to genocide Genocide: mass killing of a specific ethnic group Hutu extremists launched a campaign to kill the Tutsis 500,000 people were killed MODERN ISSUES Climate Change Burning of fossil fuels Greenhouse effect Depletion of the ozone layer Deforestation-cutting down trees Nuclear Non-Proliferation Iran and North Koreapreventing Iran and North Korea from gaining nuclear weapons Trade EU and NAFTA- promote trade through the

14 reduction of trade barriers (lowers tariffs) KEY TERMS Nationalism- pride and love for one s country and opposition to foreign rule Imperialism- when a stronger country takes over a weaker country for land, power, natural resources and new markets Desertification- expansion of the desert (land that can t be farmed) Genocide- mass killing of a targeted race, religious or ethnic group (Holocaust, Armenians, Tutsis (Rwanda), Sudan (Darfur) Canal- manmade waterway that promotes trade and transportation (Suez-Egypt) Dam- harnesses water power to create energy (Aswan-Egypt, Three Gorges-China) Famine- not enough food (Irish Potato Famine-led to mass migration)