Migration and Empires Come Home
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1 History 104 Europe from Napoleon to the PRESENT 8 April 2009 Migration and Empires Come Home Shri Swaminarayan Mandir (Hindu Temple), Neasden, London
2 March 1945 Joint Chiefs of Staff (JCS) order 1067 Take no steps toward the economic rehabilitation of Germany or that are designed to maintain or strengthen the German economy Winston Churchill, Franklin D. Roosevelt, Joseph Stalin Yalta Conference, Feb July 1947 JCS 1779 an orderly, prosperous Europe requires the economic contributions of a stable and productive Germany Stalin, Harry Truman, Clement Attlee Potsdam Conference, July 1945 rebuilding Europe (continued)
3 Germany in 1947 Occupied Zones green-british blue-french orange-usa red-ussr USSR Berlin Poland Czechoslovakia France Austria rebuilding Europe (continued)
4 Divided Germany, Divided Europe 1945 Germany divided into four Occupied Zones June 1948 American, British, and French zones agree common economic and currency reforms June Soviet land blockade of Berlin May 1949 (and Berlin airlift; 34 flights/hour) May 1949 Federal Republic of Germany (West) and German Democratic Republic (East) formed forced collectivization in East prompts emigration 1954 USA, UK, France, etc. grant diplomatic recognition to West Germany 1961 Berlin Wall built Peter Fechter, killed by guards at Berlin Wall, 1962 Factors contributing to division of Germany West German political elites chose prosperity and military security over neutrality US economic and political need for a strong German market and ally against Soviet expansion Soviet policy need to rebuild economy after war, and for protection against west France and Britain fears of strong Germany rebuilding and dividing Europe (continued)
5 It s just the way they are. Soviet power, unlike that of Hitlerite Germany, is neither schematic nor adventuristic. It does not work by fixed plans. It does not take unnecessary risks. Impervious to logic of reason, it is highly sensitive to logic of force. Gauged against Western World as a whole, Soviets are still by far the weaker force. Thus, their success will really depend on degree of cohesion, firmness and vigor which Western World can muster. All Soviet propaganda beyond Soviet security sphere is basically negative and destructive. It should therefore be relatively easy to combat it by any intelligent and really constructive program Our first step must be to apprehend, and recognize for what it is, the nature of the movement with which we are dealing We must see that our public is educated to realities of Russian situation Much depends on health and vigor of our own society. World communism is like malignant parasite which feeds only on diseased tissue. George Keenan, Long Telegram (1946). rebuilding and dividing Europe (continued) European military alliances, (green=nato; beige=warsaw Pact)
6 Poland moves west : what do the people do? Expulsion is the method which will be the most satisfactory and lasting. There will be no mixture of populations to cause endless trouble... A clean sweep will be made. I am not alarmed by these transferences, which are more possible in modern conditions. Winston Churchill, Parliamentary Debates (1944). USSR political boundaries, 1919 Berlin Poland France Czechoslovakia Austria Migration and Empire Comes Home: Resettlement of Europeans
7 Europeans as immigrants 30 million displaced persons (DPs) in Europe, : 4.5 million Europeans emigrated to USA, Canada, Australia, Israel, South America estimated 250, ,000 war brides homeless children (1945) Germany 8 million USSR 6.5 million France 1.3 million Czechoslovakia, 1947: 35% of those under 18 had tuberculosis Polish family arrives in New York City, : 13,000 UNRRA* workers in Europe (mainly US and British citizens; 44% women) * United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Agency
8 Expulsion of Germans from Eastern Europe, estimated 30 million displaced persons in Europe estimated 12.5 million ethnic Germans re-settled in occupied German zones; 2 million lost 2007 German chancellor Angela Merkel calls for monument to expellees In Poland, I'm a German. In Germany, a Pole. Perhaps they should create a state for us on the moon. We might finally feel at home. Bernadetta Nitschka, from Silesia (1949) Migration and End of Empire: Resettlement of Europeans
9 The Nation and the Family It is not the actual events of the war, such as bombardment and military operations, which have affected these children emotionally, with their love of adventure and their interest in destruction and movement. What does affect a child is the influence these events have on emotional ties in the family and, especially, the sudden loss of the mother. Thérèse Brosse, War Handicapped Children (1950). displaced persons in refugee facility run by United Nations (Sweden, 1946) UNICEF (United Nations International Children s Emergency Fund) flag, 1946-
10 The End of European Empires and the Creation of New States, BRITISH Portuguese Empire FRENCH DUTCH Migration and Empire comes home: map of decolonization
11 Religion and the Partition of British India Imperial Gazeteer of India (1909) darker red indicates greater percentage of population is Hindu Jain, Sikh, and Buddhist concentrations Imperial Gazeteer of India (1909) darker green indicates greater percentage of population is Moslem Migration and End of Empire:
12 Indian Independence and Division 1885 Indian National Congress Founded 1906 All India Muslim League founded 1921 Gandhi calls for civil disobedience; boycott 1942 Quit India movement July 18, 1947 Independence of India Act passed to take effect Aug (midnight) photos of migration after partition Margaret Bourke-White, 1947 Migration and Empire comes home: Partition of India
13 Making of a Model Minority : British Asians today 2006 Census 3.5 million (5.7% of total population) approx. 1.6 million from Indian backgrounds approx. 1 million from Pakistani approx..5 million from Bangledashi approx.5 million other British Asian family in London, 1960s Lakshmi Mittal (1950- ); Rajasthan to South Kensington Chairman and CEO of largest steel company in the world richest man in Great Britain; eighth richest in the world Migration and Empire comes home: Asians in Britain
14 Mau Mau the Crisis in Kenya 1895 British establish direct rule 1920 Kenya becomes a Crown Colony 1946 Kikuyu Land and Freedom Army state of emergency 1963 Kenyan independence "Things got a little out of hand. By the time I cut his balls off he had no ears, and his eyeball, the right one, I think, was hanging out of its socket. Too bad, he died before we got much out of him." --white Kenyan describing interrogation of suspected Mau Mau insurgent (quoted in C. Elkins, Imperial Reckoning, 2004) Dedan Kimathi, photographed by British officials after his execution Migration and Empire comes home: Kenya
![[The white British administrator arrives in the Caribbean and is shocked to discover] a thoroughly civilized community, where men wear the same clothes he does, speak no language other than his own,](/docs-images/85/92611687/images/15-0.jpg "and with its best men as good and, only too often, better than himself. C.L.R. James, The Case for West Indian Self Government, (1933).")
15 [The white British administrator arrives in the Caribbean and is shocked to discover] a thoroughly civilized community, where men wear the same clothes he does, speak no language other than his own, and with its best men as good and, only too often, better than himself. C.L.R. James, The Case for West Indian Self Government, (1933). slowness laziness irresponsibility general characteristics of West-Indian workers in Britain, according to Sheila Patterson, Dark Strangers (1963). portrait of unidentified man, E. Dyche Collection (movinghere.org.uk)
16 Empire, Citizenship, and Nationality Criteria of British citizenship Immigrants from British Caribbean to the United Kingdom , birth within His Majesty s dominions , Canada creates its own citizenship law , , British Nationality Act establishes category citizen of the United Kingdom and Colonies (CKUC) 1962 Commonwealth Immigrants Act (CKUCs subject to immigration law, unless passport was directly issued by UK government) 1971 Immigration Act limits right of abode 1981 British Nationality Act, commonwealth citizens are no longer British Migration and End of Empire: Caribbean and Commonwealth
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