A Level History A OCR. Course Guide. Democracy and Dictatorship in Germany HISTORY A. Democracy and Church and State

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1 Course Guide OCR A Level History A AS A Dictatorship in Germany Professor Mary Fulbrook and David Williamson Series consultant: Chris Taylor Professor Mary Fulbrook and David Williamson Series consultant: Chris T The German Reformation Liberals and Conservatives The Unification of Italy

2 CD-ROM INSIDE Heinemann and OCR are working together to provide better support for you As part of the curriculum change, Heinemann has been working in partnership with OCR to produce an exciting suite of resources tailored to the new OCR A Level History A specification. AS Course Structure Dictatorship in Germany Professor Mary Fulbrook and David Williamson Series consultant: Chris Taylor The German Reformation Student Student Book with LiveText CD-ROM and Exam Café Liberals and Conservatives The German Reformation The Unification of Italy Liberals and Conservatives The Unification of Italy Dictatorship in Germany Planning and Delivery Resource Planning and Delivery Resource AS Teacher AS Nick Fellows, Professor Mary Fulbrook and Mike Wells Series consultant: Chris T a ylor 2 Teacher LiveText CD-ROM with Planning and Delivery Resource We have devised two different types of Teacher Support, so that you can easily adapt the course to your own needs. Please see pages 8-11 for more details. Teacher Planning and Delivery Resource Pack with editable CD-ROM Don t forget our A2 Level materials coming in Autumn!

3 What you can expect from Heinemann s A Level History A Written by examiners and subject experts to bring you tailored support with the ultimate print and electronic exam practice. Directly matched to the new specification with specific exam support Unique planning support with inspirational lesson ideas see page 4 for more details and sample spreads. Accessible, engaging resources to help all students achieve their full potential turn over for sample spreads from our AS resources. Our unique Exam Café provides every student with a motivating way to thoroughly prepare for their exams turn to page 6 to see more of Exam Café! Authors Alastair Armstrong Martin Collier Nick Fellows Professor Mary Fulbrook David Paterson Colin Pendrill Mike Wells David Williamson Susan Willoughby Doug Willoughby Series consultant Chris Taylor Series editors Martin Collier Rosemary Rees 3

4 Student Books Dictatorship in Germany Professor Mary Fulbrook and David Williamson Series consultant: Chris Taylor Accessible, engaging student resources tailored to the new specification. Interactive teaching LiveText with additional activities, sources and resources The division of Germany after 1945 and the establishment of Communist GDR up to 1963 C The characteristics of a Party of a New Type are: The Marxist-Leninist Party is the conscious avant-garde of the working class. The Marxist-Leninist Party is based on the principle of democratic centralism. That means firmly upholding the principle of election of the leadership and functionaries and the accountability of the elected to the members. The strong party discipline, which springs from the Socialist consciousness of the members, is based on this internal party democracy. Marxist-Leninist The view that was inspired by Karl Marx s commitment to the overthrow of capitalism by a proletarian revolution, but which also took from Lenin the notion of the leading role of the Party, since the masses could not necessarily be relied on to know what was in their own long-term best interests. 4 Lots of inspiring activities for use in class, or for homework, help you add variety to your lessons. New and exciting sources to support the new post-1945 section of the specificaton. Party decisions are valid for all party members without exception, and particularly for those party members who are active in parliamentary bodies, in governmental and administrative organs, and in the leadership of the mass organisations. Democratic centralism means the development of criticism and self-criticism in the Party, and monitoring of the stringent carrying-through of decisions by the leadership groups and members. Matthias Judt (ed.) (1998). DDR-Geschichte in Dokumenten (p. 46, translated by MF). Berlin: Christoph Links Verlag. The Soviet military administration in Germany (SMAD) was, in its Order No. 2 of 10 June 1945, the first to license the official formation of political parties in its zone, not least to legitimise the already very active KPD. Despite its not entirely democratic tactics, the KPD s founding declaration was surprisingly open in tone and message. Very soon after the KPD was refounded, the Social Democratic Party (SPD) followed suit. The KPD and the SPD merged in 1946 to form the SED. A number of liberal parties joined together to form the Liberal Democratic Party of Germany (LDPD), while the former Catholic Centre Party and a variety of Protestant conservative parties came together to form the CDU. However, within three years, the SED (Socialist Unity Party) had given up any pretence of democracy in the western sense, and, in the crucial year , openly proclaimed that it was a Marxist-Leninist Party of a New Type. BIOGRAPHIES IE Karl Marx ( ) 8 A German philosopher op who is regarded as the founder of Communism, which was the idea that a society should be one in which people cooperate rather than compete with one another. This is achieved through the common ownership of the means of production which inevitably leads to the destruction of social classes. Vladimir Lenin n ( ) Lenin n was a Russian s Marxist revolutionary who led the Bolshevik Revolution in October and became the first leader of the Soviet Socialist Republic. The SED increasingly sought to gain control of the other parties in the Soviet zone, and even set up two entirely new ones, to appeal to those who would never commit themselves to a left-wing working-class party or to the CDU or LDPD. The National Democratic Party of Germany (NDPD) was designed to target and incorporate former Nazis, while the Democratic Peasants Party of Germany (DBD) was oriented, as its name suggested, to the constituency of peasants. All parties were to be brought together in a supposedly united anti-fascist bloc or National Front in the common fight against the remnants of Nazism. AS History OCR A Dictatorship in Germany Additionally, a number of so-called mass organisations were formed in the Soviet zone, covering culture, youth, women, the trade unions and so on. All of these, too, were increasingly under Communist control openly. The political parties in the Soviet zone of occupation ( ) and German Democratic Republic (from 1949): SED Socialist Unity Party: the leading Communist Party, formed in April 1946 out of the union of the KPD and the SPD The bloc parties (all increasingly under the control of the SED): LDPD Liberal Democratic Party of Germany CDU Christian Democratic Union NDPD National Democratic Party of Germany DBD Democratic Peasants Party Politics in the western zones of occupation The formation of political parties and organisations in the western zones of occupation took place very much more from the ground up. People who wanted to form a political party had to be based at a local or regional level, and apply to be granted a licence. Only those parties that were committed to democracy were allowed. The British Military Government issued a directive on 15 September 1945 to this effect. Source In order to encourage the development of a democratic spirit in Germany and prepare free elections for a date yet to be appointed, the following directives are issued herewith: Art. 1. Formation of political parties 1 Political parties can be formed in a district (Kreis) according to the provisions contained herein. Directly covers both period studies and Enquiry Paper with activities tailored to either topic. 2 The military government can allow parties which been formed according to these directives to unite another in larger areas 3 Membership in political parties must be voluntar C. C. Schweitzer et al. (eds) (1984). Politics and Government in the F Republic of Germany: Basic Documents (p. 11). Leamington Spa: Be As in the Soviet zone, in the western zones the SPD and KPD quickly refounded themselves. The western branches of the SPD however totally opposed any merger with the KPD, and so after its foundation in 1946 the Communist-dominated SED was not able to make any inroads in the western zones. The various former Christian and conservative parties eventually agreed to come together to form a party known in most areas of West Germany as the CDU (Christian Democratic Union), but in Bavaria the party was called the Christian Social Union (CSU). The CSU retained a separate regional identity throughout the history of the FRG. Somewhat unlike western European conservative parties, the CDU had an openly Christian view of society, informing its later views on the social market economy of West Germany. Clear layout with biographies, definitions and key events highlighted and explained throughout. ACTIVITY What were the p faced by the Alli seeking to reintr democracy in p Germany? 138

5 Liberals and Conservatives The Unification of Italy The German Reformation The division of Germany after 1945 and the establishment of Communist GDR up to 1963 AS History OCR A Dictatorship in Germany prized possessions, became widespread currency. Those who lived on the land, or who were unemployed and hence able to go out scavenging, were often better off than those with wages, working in towns. Bizonia A British American merging of zones for ease of administration in Trizonia When the French joined Bizonia in 1949 it became known as Trizonia. The difficulties of achieving economic recovery led to pressures to relax inter-zonal boundaries. In 1947 the British and Americans merged to form Bizonia, an economic unit which could be administered in common. The French at first resisted, but eventually came to join what now became Trizonia with effect from the beginning of The capitalist economy of West Germany was effectively resuscitated with little change in either structure or personnel, quite unlike the situation in the East. Growing divergence between the economies of the western and the Soviet zones, as well as disputes over Soviet reparations from the western zones, led to greater tensions between the western powers and their former Soviet Allies. The Cold War, the Truman Doctrine and the Marshall Plan By the spring of 1946, the Western Allies claimed that the Soviets were seeking to expand their sphere of influence. Former British Prime Minister Winston Churchill famously articulated this concern in his Iron Curtain speech, delivered in Missouri on 5 March 1946 (see Source A). ACTIVITY Period Studies 1 At the present moment in world history nearly every nation must choose between alternative ways of life. How far do you agree with this view? 2 To what extent was the Truman Doctrine the main reason for the stablilisation of West Germany? Sources A Winston Churchill outlines his views on the emerging Communist influence: free elections, guarantees of individual liberty, freedom of speech and religion, and freedom from political oppression. From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic, an iron curtain has descended across the continent. Behind that line lie all the capitals of the ancient states of central and eastern Europe and all are subject, in one form or another, not only to Soviet influence but to a very high and increasing measure of control from Moscow [I]n a great number of countries, far from the Russian frontiers and throughout the world, Communist fifth columns are established and work in complete unity and absolute obedience to the directions they receive from the Communist centre. The second way of life is based upon the will of a minority forcibly imposed upon the majority. It relies upon terror an oppression, a controlled press and radio, fixed elections, and the suppression of personal freedoms. I believe that it must be the policy of the United States to support free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures. I believe that we must assist free peoples to work out their ow destinies in their own way roblems es in oduce ost-nazi have with one Figure 5.4 Soviet soldiers overseeing the taking of reparations, in the rather unusual form of cows, through the ruined streets of Berlin. Why was Germany divided in 1949? It was clear already in the early months after the end of the war that there was fundamental distrust building up between the Allies distrust which had, perhaps only tactically, been kept under control while the principal goal was to defeat the common enemy of Nazism. Among western historians, the traditional view was that Stalin had evil designs to spread Communism in a bid for eventual world domination. Revisionist historians argued that the Cold War was stirred up more by US fear of Communism than by any realistic analysis of the Soviet threat at the time: following the devastating experiences of German invasion and destruction, the Soviet Union was in no economic shape to seek any kind of expansion or commit military resources to new conflicts. Furthermore, the US stood to gain both economically and politically by its new interventionist role in Europe and the wider world. Current thinking suggests at least that Stalin was keeping his options open at the time. Reprinted in Martin McCauley (ed.), (1983).The Origins of the Cold War (pp ). Harlow: Longman. B US President Truman s speech to Congress, 12 March 1947: At the present moment in world history nearly every nation must choose between alternative ways of life. The choice is too often not a free one. One way of life is based upon the will of the majority, and is distinguished by free institutions, representative government, The seeds of totalitarian regimes are nurtured by misery and want, They spread and grow in the evil soil of poverty and strife. They reach their full growth when the hope of a people for a better life has died. We must keep that hope alive. The free peoples of the world look to us for support in maintaining their freedoms Great responsibilities have been placed upon us. Reprinted in Martin McCauley (ed.) (1983). The Origins of the Cold War (pp ). Harlow: Longman. Fear of Communist expansion in south-eastern Europe led directly to the Truman Doctrine in which it became a major US foreign policy goal to prop up governments fighting for freedom against Communist influence. y. ederal rg. Sample pages from OCR A Level History A Democracy and Dictatorship in Germany (Student Book) Like the look of these materials? Order your Evaluation Pack now! See back page for more details. 5

6 Stressed about your exams? No worries, you re now in Exam Café! Found at the end of each chapter, as well as in the separate CD-ROM which comes FREE with each Student Book, you ll find lots of ideas to help you prepare for your exams. So Relax, because there s handy advice from fellow students, Refresh yourself with summaries of they key ideas, and Get That Result with lots of hints and examiner tips. Students share handy revision tips and experiences to help others feel supported. Revision checklists and mindmaps remind students of the key concepts and topics they need to prepare for the exam. Sample page from OCR History A Level A Dictatorship in Germany xamcafé Relax and prepare Relax, refresh, result! Laura I studied Hitler for GCSE so I thought I wouldn t have to work so hard. It turns out that my knowledge wasn t deep enough to do well at AS. For example, I hadn t considered the different interpretations for his coming to power. I soon realised that I could use my knowledge from GCSE as a basis, but that I had to build on this. 6 Maisie I remember my teacher saying people often write too much about the period before 1929 when answering a question on Hitler s rise to power in She d always say Nazis and Depression go together. Until the Depression in 1929 the Nazis had almost no electoral support at all. And their anti-semitism wasn t getting them votes then either. 58 Hot tips J For this topic it is so easy to get the order of events and dates wrong: apparently that is a really common mistake in exams. For some reason sorting things out on a timeline helped me remember much better. A really tricky period is from January 1933, when Hitler became Chancellor, through to the Army Oath in 1934 if you can draw yourself a timeline for that you ll be sorted! Omar The Nazi Party never won a majority in elections to the Reichstag in this period, even in March Lots of students get that wrong, apparently. The Nazis were the largest single party but needed the support of other nationalist groups to command a majority. Hailey Everyone remembers how the Nazis used cheap radios to help spread propaganda, right? Well, it s no good giving this example for propaganda in the rise to power: the Nazis only issued cheap radios after they came to power. Think of it like this: you need power for radios to work. Got it? Make sure your examples are from the correct time period. Refresh your memory Fear of Communism Political intrigue Treaty of Versailles The reasons for Hitler coming to power in 1933 Weakness and failings of Weimar Hitler s skills The Depression Hitler s rise to power Understand that events from were crucial. Be able to support this point with precise examples from the election results to the Reichstag. You must know the details of the Nazi performance from before the Depression through to March Be able to explain how and why the Depression helped the Nazi Party gain support. Understand and be able to explain the role played by political intrigue in the period from November 1932 to January Explain that the weakness of Weimar was a precondition for the Nazi rise to power, but that any party could have taken advantage of its weakness. Explain that the long-term weaknesses of Weimar did not guarantee that the Nazi Party would come to power; they had to be able to take advantage of the situation. Be able to explain the role of Hitler in exploiting the situation. Ensure you can explain links between these factors. Dictatorship in Germ Clear, colourful layout engages and motivates students. 58 Chapter 2 How and why did the Nazi Party come to power in 1933? Dictatorship in Germany 191

7 Sample shot from OCR History A Level A Dictatorship in Germany (Student book CD-ROM) What do students think about Exam Café? A really great and engaging way of encouraging students to revise and study for exams. Marie-Lise Tassoni, Student, Bexhill College Three stages is a great idea - something you can work through. Sophie Wilson, Student, Headington College I think it s an extremely positive idea to make students see their potential. Sophie East, 18, Oxford 7

8 Teacher Materials Dictatorship in Germany Professor Mary Fulbrook and David Williamson Series consultant: Chris Taylor Dictatorship in Germany LiveText CD-ROM with Planning and Delivery Resource Enlarge and project every part and every page of the Student Book Video clips, audio files, additonal sources and other resources Lesson plans, customisable worksheets and Schemes of Work provide inspirational al new ideas to reinforce key concepts and support the new areas of specification 8 Teaching and suggested homework activities are linked clearly to relevant pages in the additional resources to save you time and bring History to life.

9 5 The division of Germany after 1945 and the establishment of Communist GDR up to 1963 AS History OCR A Dictatorship in Germany P Bizonia A British American merging of zones for ease of administration in Trizonia When the French joined Bizonia in 1949 it became known as Trizonia. prized possessions, became widespread currency. Those who lived on the land, or who were unemployed and hence able to go out scavenging, were often better off than those with wages, working in towns. The difficulties of achieving economic recovery led to pressures to relax inter-zonal boundaries. In 1947 the British and Americans merged to form Bizonia, an economic unit which could be administered in common. The French at first resisted, but eventually came to join what now became Trizonia with effect from the beginning of The capitalist economy of West Germany was effectively resuscitated with little change in either structure or personnel, quite unlike the situation in the East. Growing divergence between the economies of the western and the Soviet zones, as well as disputes over Soviet reparations from the western zones, led to greater tensions between the western powers and their former Soviet Allies. The Cold War, the Truman Doctrine and the Marshall Plan By the spring of 1946, the Western Allies claimed that the Soviets were seeking to expand their sphere of influence. Former British Prime Minister Winston Churchill famously articulated this concern in his Iron Curtain speech, delivered in Missouri on 5 March 1946 (see Source A). ACTIVITY Period Studies 1 At the present moment in world history nearly every nation must choose between alternative ways of life. How far do you agree with this view? 2 To what extent was the Truman Doctrine the main reason for the stablilisation of West Germany? Sources All photos can be enlarged for whole class discussion. Figure 5.4 Soviet soldiers overseeing the taking of reparations, in the rather unusual form of cows, through the ruined streets of Berlin. Why was Germany divided in 1949? It was clear already in the early months after the end of the war that there was fundamental distrust building up between the Allies distrust which had, perhaps only tactically, been kept under control while the principal goal was to defeat the common enemy of Nazism. Among western historians, the traditional view was that Stalin had evil designs to spread Communism in a bid for eventual world domination. Revisionist historians argued that the Cold War was stirred up more by US fear of Communism than by any realistic analysis of the Soviet threat at the time: following the devastating experiences of German invasion and destruction, the Soviet Union was in no economic shape to seek any kind of expansion or commit military resources to new conflicts. Furthermore, the US stood to gain both economically and politically by its new interventionist role in Europe and the wider world. Current thinking suggests at least that Stalin was keeping his options open at the time. A Winston Churchill outlines his views on the emerging Communist influence: From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic, an iron curtain has descended across the continent. Behind that line lie all the capitals of the ancient states of central and eastern Europe and all are subject, in one form or another, not only to Soviet influence but to a very high and increasing measure of control from Moscow [I]n a great number of countries, far from the Russian frontiers and throughout the world, Communist fifth columns are established and work in complete unity and absolute obedience to the directions they receive from the Communist centre. Reprinted in Martin McCauley (ed.), (1983).The Origins of the Cold War (pp ). Harlow: Longman. B US President Truman s speech to Congress, 12 March 1947: At the present moment in world history nearly every nation must choose between alternative ways of life. The choice is too often not a free one. One way of life is based upon the will of the majority, and is distinguished by free institutions, representative government, Fear of Communist expansion in south-eastern Europe led directly to the Truman Doctrine in which it became a major US foreign policy goal to prop up governments fighting for freedom against Communist influence. free elections, guarantees of individual liberty, freedom of speech and religion, and freedom from political oppression. The second way of life is based upon the will of a minority forcibly imposed upon the majority. It relies upon terror and oppression, a controlled press and radio, fixed elections, and the suppression of personal freedoms. I believe that it must be the policy of the United States to support free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures. I believe that we must assist free peoples to work out their own destinies in their own way The seeds of totalitarian regimes are nurtured by misery and want, They spread and grow in the evil soil of poverty and strife. They reach their full growth when the hope of a people for a better life has died. We must keep that hope alive. The free peoples of the world look to us for support in maintaining their freedoms Great responsibilities have been placed upon us. Reprinted in Martin McCauley (ed.) (1983). The Origins of the Cold War (pp ). Harlow: Longman A wealth of further sources and activities are now included to extend students knowledge. Materials follow the specification exactly. xxxxxx Sample pages and shot from OCR A Level History A Dictatorship in Germany LiveText CD-ROM with Planning and Delivery Resource 9

10 Teacher Materials The German Reformation Liberals and Conservatives The Unification of Italy Planning and Delivery Resource Pack Teachers notes provide planning and delivery support based on OCR INSET feedback for the new specification. Innovative activity ideas and sample sources to motivate and engage your students Complements OCR s support material. Supports our OCR History A Student Books: , The German Reformation , Liberals and Conservatives and The Unification of Italy Notes suggest inspiring activities linked closely to the specification and the Student Book. unit overview All of the Period Study units contain six Key Issues and they should provide the focus for your teaching and designing your schemes of work. The questions set in the examination will arise naturally from the Key Issues. For this unit three questions will be set on each Study Topic and candidates will be required to answer two questions, although they can be drawn from different Study Topics Key Issues The exam questions arise naturally from the Key Issues, students should be aware of the main areas of debate within each Key Issue. This means breaking down the Key Issue into further questions. By doing this it will mean that your students are unlikely to face an issue in the examination that they have not already considered and about which they will have an opinion. These questions will also provide a further step in developing your scheme of work and may well provide questions that can be debated over the course of a number of lessons. There are many exercises that can be developed to try and ensure that students do have a full grasp of the key events in the period they are studying. In order to help them have this sound grasp it is important that a number of different strategies are used which will reinforce the correct chronological order. The following set of activities is designed to try and help achieve this. Clothes Line Produce a clothes line across the classroom and hang the dates and appropriate events from the line. This format can be best explained by examining a Key Issue. Worksheet 1.1 does this by asking the question How much support for, and opposition to, the Reformation was there from 1529 to 1547? Chronology Although answers in the higher bands require candidates to demonstrate a high level of analytical skill, it is vital that their ideas are supported by precise and accurate factual material. Many candidates do not have a secure grasp of the chronology of events within the Study Topic; this is particularly true in areas where a large number of important events follow in a short period of time. It is very important that they do have a sound chronological understanding of the topic as the wrong order of events frequently leads to the candidate drawing the wrong conclusions! Cut and Paste Issue students with Worksheet 1.2 which lists the events concerning religious change under Henry VIII. Using HAH: The English Reformation pages XX to XX they should find out the dates of the events and write them on the back, these can then be stuck on the timeline. You can adapt this exercise for other areas by using the customizable Word files. 45 OWNED BY OR UNDER LICENCE TO HARCOURT EDUCATION LIMITED Sample page from OCR History A Level A (Planning and Delivery Resource Pack)

11 AS Student Book Contents Page Contents Introduction 4 1 How strong was Weimer Germany in the 1920s? 8 Exam Café 34 2 How and why did the Nazi Party come to power in 1933? 38 Exam Café 58 3 How effectively did Hitler establish and consolidate Nazi authority ? 62 Exam Café 88 The Student Book is tailored to the specification. 4 Economy and society : To what extent did the Nazis transform German economic policy and society? 92 Exam Café The division of Germany after 1945 and the establishment of Communist GDR up to Exam Café Adenauer s Chancellorship : How far did Western democratic structures (political, democratic, social) succeed in the Federal Republic? 164 Exam Café 182 Bibliography 188 Exam Café pages feature at the end of each chapter. Glossary 189 Index 191 Glossary of key terms and concepts provides clear structure for learning. 3 Contents page from OCR A level History A Dictatorship (Student Book) 11

12 Official Publisher Partnershp 3 easy ways to order! Dictatorship in Germany Professor Mary Fulbrook and David Williamson Series consultant: Chris Taylor Liberals and Conservatives The German Reformation The Unification of Italy Online You can save up to 15% on all orders rs through our website! Visit: Phone Call our friendly customer services team on or them on myorders@pearson.com Local Sales Consultantt Request a visit from your local Heinemann Sales Consultant, you can contact them via our website: Evaluation Packs Each OCR A Level History A Evaluation Pack contains: Student Book and CD-ROM FREE sample material from the Planning and Delivery Resource File. OCR AS Level History A Evaluation Pack * March 2008 OCR A2 Level History A Evaluation Pack * Autumn 2008 Our A2 materials are coming in Autumn! Course components Student * Dictatorship in Germany Student Book with FREE CD-ROM (AS) March * * Student Book (AS) June * * The German Reformation Student Book (AS) June * * Liberals and Conservatives Student Book (AS) June * * The Unification of Italy Student Book (AS) June * Teacher * Dictatorship in Germany LiveText CD-ROM with Planning and Delivery Resource (AS) March * (+VAT) * Planning and Delivery Resource Pack (AS) June * * Prices are provisional until publication Sign up for our enewsletters For all our latest news and offers, sign up for our FREE termly History enewsletters. Simply visit today! 08SRM0030