History. Scholars School Srinagar

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1 History L. No. 1 The French Revolution Q.1 Describe the circumstances that lead to the outbreak of revolutionary protest in France? Ans. The French Revolution was equally a struggle of weapons as well as of ideas. Following were the main reasons or circumstances that lead to its outbreak. Political Circumstances: There was a hereditary (dynastic) absolute monarchy (where all powers are in the hands of single person) in France and king held himself to be the representative of God on earth and was despotic (cruel). The French administration before the revolution was incomplete, disorganized, corrupt and expensive and was lacking uniformity. The clergy and the nobles were living luxurious lives by exploiting the common people. Louis xvi was least interested in the problems of his country as he remained under the thumb of his wife Mary Antoinette. So people were really fed up with such a rotten political system (decayed). Social Causes: The French Society was based on inequality, i.e. it was divided into three classes or estates, the clergy, the nobility and the commoners. The Bishops/priests (First Estate) and the Nobleman (2 nd Estate) were in less percentage but were enjoying special powers and privileges, (special rights) whereas the commoners (3 rd Estate) did not enjoy any special facilities as they had to pay heavy Taxes whereas the Church and nobility were exempted from it. As a result of such erratic (irregular) setup, the Public would naturally be a prey to doubt, distrust and dissatisfaction. Economic Causes: The economic condition of France was very miserable and shattered which proved a major cause of the Revolution. Extravagance (excessive use of money) of ruling classes lead to a state of bankruptcy (unable to repay). The clergy and nobility were able to pay taxes but were exempted and the common man was crushed under the burden of heavy taxes. Immediate cause: When the royal Treasury turned empty during the time of Louis xvi, there we see a meeting of Estates General in Versailles on 5 May 1789 held by the king to pass proposals for new taxes. Here, we see the clash between the first two Estates and the 3 rd Estate over the procedure of voting as the 3 rd Estate demanded one vote for each member. The king refused and the 600 representatives of the 3 rd Estate walked out of the assembly in protest and on the 14 th July 1789, destroyed and conquered Bastille (state prison). With this we see the beginning of the Revolution. Q.2 Which groups of French Society benefited from the revolution? Which group were forced to relinquish power? Which sections of the society would have been disappointed with the outcome of the revolutions? Ans. A major result of the French revolution was that it benefited the middle class people. The middle class was that of educated ones and rich ones. Before the revolution, they had no political rights, no social status and many among them were humiliated (insulted). But the revolution improved their conditions as feudal regime and privileged classes were abolished, and in a new economic and political system, they got their rights. => The revolution forced the clergies, nobles and royal family to relinquish power. Many nobles and clerics fled from the country and the Church land as well as the lands of nobles were confiscated (seized). => The women section of the French society would have been disappointed with the outcome of the revolution, because it could not fulfill their demands and could not bring much changes in their conditions, as we have seen that many prominent women were arrested and a number of them executed who were struggling for the improvement in the conditions of women. Q.3 Draw up a list of democratic rights, we enjoy today whose origin could be traced to the French Revolution. Ans) We have the following democratic rights we used to enjoy today and whose origin could be traced to the French revolution.

2 1. Right to equality 2. Right to property 3. Right to resistance to oppression 4. Right to vote. 5. Right to liberty of speech, expression and thought. Q.4 Would you agree with the view that the message of universal rights was beset with contradiction? Explain. Ans. Yes, the message of universal right was beset with contradictions in the following ways! 1. The women section criticized and challenged the declaration of Rights as it did not gave them the right to vote. 2. Jean Paul Marat- a revolutionary Journalist opposed the rights to represent the only rich people as the rights will never improve the conditions of the poor and oppressed ones. Q.5 How would you explain the rise of Napoleon? Ans. Napoleon s rise to power can be explained in the following ways: After the fall of Jacobins, a new constitution was made by the wealthier middle class with two elected legislative councils and a directory and executive made up of 5 members. However, there we see political instability and uncertainty because of the clashes between the directory and the legislative councils. Napoleon took the advantage of this uncertainty and became a military dictator. Napoleon showed his military tactics and his bravery when he fought a war with Italy. After his return, he was welcomed by the people with great love. Napoleon fought different wars from and defeated Malta, Egypt and Syria. He also defeated Austria (1805), Prussia (1806) and Russia (1807). These were some of the ways by which Napoleon rose to power. Q.6 What made France a constitutional Monarchy? Ans. The national assembly established in 1789, completed the draft of the constitution in its main motive was to limit the powers of the monarch. These powers instead of being held in the hands of one person, were now separated and given to different institutions like the legislature, executive and judiciary. This made France a constitutional Monarchy. Q.7 Why did the Jacobeans change their pattern of dress? Ans. The Jacobeans who were mostly less prosperous people decided to wear long stripped Trousers similar to those worn by dock workers in order to set themselves apart or to create a difference from the fashionable sections of the society, especially nobles, who were living luxurious lives and were wearing knee breaches. Q.8 France became a republic on 21 st September How did it affect the monarchy? Ans. The formation of France as a republic on 21 st September 1792, affected the monarchy greatly. Now monarchy was abolished. Louis xvi was sentenced to death. Many nobles and clerics fled from the country. Feudalism too was destroyed. A new constitution was drawn up. All the laws of the old Feudal and autocratic regime were annulled (abolished). Privileged classes were abolished and Church lands were also confiscated. Q.9 Describe the impact of French revolution on the people of the world. Ans. The French Revolution had been a world shaking event. It inspired revolutionary movements in almost every European country. It opened the eyes of the world. It created the sentiments of nationalism among the people living in different countries. It became a classical example for the people of many nations in overthrowing the autocratic rulers. It gave the people the concepts of different fundamental rights. The most important impact of this revolution is that it gave the concepts of liberty, equality and fraternity to the whole world.

3 Lesson No. 2 Socialism in Europe & The Russian Revolution Q.1 In what ways was the working population in Russian different from other countries in Europe before 1917? Ans. Before 1917, the working population in Russia was different from the other European countries in the following ways: 1. The vast majority of Russia s population, i.e. about 85% were engaged in agriculture and were earning their livelihood from agricultural activities, very little among them were busy in industrial works as laborers in town areas. While in other European countries like France and Germany, there we see this percentage was low (40 50%). 2. Workers were divided into groups according to their skill and profession which was not exist in other European countries. 3. Russian peasants were different from other European peasants as they pooled (to join collectively) their land together periodically and their commune (mir) divided it according to the needs of individual families. Q.2 Why did the czarist autocracy collapse in 1917? Ans. The czarist aristocracy collapsed in 1917 due to the following reason: => The despotic rule of the czars had worsened the political, social and economic conditions of Russia. The citizens were not enjoying any kind of freedom. Due to the social and economic inequality, the miserable conditions of the peasants, and the dissatisfaction among the workers became the main reasons of the fall of czars. => The world war also became the cause of their fall, because some 6 to 7 million Russians died and some 30 lac people had become refugees. So, people turned against the czars. => Facing a lot of problems like shortage of food supply and continuous defeat in the first world war, the Russian soldiers also criticized the czars. => While the Russian people were suffering from a lot of problems like shortage and crop destruction, the czars were not paying good attention towards the welfare of the people. The above mentioned reasons became the fall of czars on 25 February 1917 in the form, of February Revolution where the peasant workers and soldiers together compelled the Czar Nucleolus II to give up his throne. Q.3 Make two lists: One with the main event and the effects of February Revolution. Write a paragraph on who was involved in each, who were leaders and what was the impact of each of soviet history? Ans. List one: Main events and effects of February revolution. => A lockout took place at a factory on 22 February, which inturn resulted in the strike of workers of 50 factories on 23 February => Then on 24 th and 25 th February, the workers struck (stopped) work in all the mills and factories of Petrograd. Also, the already dispersed demonstrators came back on the streets. => Then on Sunday 25 February, the czars suspended the Duma, which was criticized by the politicians. => On the next day (26 February), the demonstrators returned in force to the streets. => On 27 th February, the police headquarters were plundered. => Finally, on March 2, 1927, Tsar gave up his Throne, Now its effects: => It brought an end to the czarist regime.

4 => It is because of this revolution that the restrictions on the freedom of speech, expression and press were abrogated (repealed) under the provisional government. In this revolution, there was the involvement of both men and women workers. Marfa Vasileva a woman worker almost single handedly called a successful strike. Main events and effects of the October Revolution: October 16, 1917, formation of a military revolutionary committee under Leon Trotski for the seizers of power, by the Bolsheviks. October 24, 1917, the beginning of the uprising. The buildings of two Bolshevik newspapers were seized. Pro-government Troops were sent to take over telephone and Telegraph offices. On the same day, Military Revolutionary committee arrested the members of the temporary government and seized the power. By the night fall, the city was under the committees control and the ministers surrendered. => In the October Revolution, the Bolsheviks were mostly involved and this revolution was headed by Lenin and Trotiski Effects: In made the Bolsheviks to seize the power. It declared Russia a soviet socialist republic. It led to the withdrawal of Russia from the First World War. It brought the industries under government control. It declared the land as a social property. Q.4 What were the main changes brought about by the Bolsheviks immediately after the October revolution? Ans. After the October Revolution, the Bolsheviks introduced the following changes. 1. The ownership and the management of the industries was taken over by the government by nationalizing the industries and banks. 2. Land was declared social property and peasant were allowed to seize the land. 3. In cities, the Bolsheviks enforced the partition of large houses according to the family requirements. 4. The use of the old titles of aristocracy (high officials/nobles) was banned. 5. New uniforms like that of Soveit hat (budeonvoka), were designed for the army and the officials. 6. The Bolshevik party was renamed as the Russian communist party. 7. The most important change was that of the early end of the war. Q.5 Write a few lines to show what you know about. 1. Kulaks 2. The Duma 3. Women workers between 1900 and The liberals. 5. Stalin s collectivization programme. Ans. Kulaks: Kulaks was a name given to the well to do peasants of Russia. In 1928 stalin took away their lands by eliminating them and established state controlled large farms in order to improve the production, as there was acute problem of grain supplies. The Duma: It was an elected consultative body or parliament upon whom the czar conferred (grant) the power to make laws; i.e. It was created by the czar after the 1905 Revolution.

5 Women workers between 1900 and 1930: In Russia by 1914, the percentage of women workers was 31, but they were getting low wages than men workers; i.e. between half and three quarters of man s wage. As they were socially exploited, they accompanied their men counter-parts and went on a strike on 22 February 1970 which is known as the international women s Day. During the Russian Revolution, women workers often inspired their male co-workers The Liberals: Liberals were one of the 3 groups in Russia who wanted to change the society. They wanted to have a nation of all religious and free form the uncontrolled powers of the dynastic rulers. They wanted to protect an individual s rights against government. They discussed for a representative and elected parliamentary government under a welltrained and independent judiciary. However, they were not democrats, i.e. were not believing in universal adult Franchise and also didn t want the vote for women. Stalin s Collectivization Prgramme: It was a programme under which stalin forced all of the peasants to cultivate in collective farms where the profit was shared equally. It s purpose was lower the price of food grains and to increase the agricultural production. Q.6 How did the Russian peasants differ from the French peasants? Ans. The Russian peasants were different form the French peasants in the following ways: 1. Peasants in Russia had no respect for the Nobility and they wanted the land of Nobles to be given to them, which was not a case with French peasants. 2. Here, the peasants often refused to pay rent and even murdered landlords, while the French peasants were respecting the nobles. 3. Here, the peasants sometimes used to cultivate their land collectively and periodically and their commune (mir) divided it according to the needs of individual families, but in France it was not existed there. Q.7 What is known as Bloody Sunday? Ans. Bloody Sunday On Sunday 22 January, 1905 over 150 thousands workers under the leadership of Father Gapon arranged a demonstration before the czar for the acceptance of their political and industrial demands. However, this peaceful demonstration was fired by the czar and over 100 workers were killed and about 300 were wounded. This massacre (illegal killing of people) of about 130 workers on Sunday 22 January, 1905 is called the Bloody Sunday in the Russian history. Q.8 What led to the divisions of Bolsheviks and Mensheviks? Ans. The Russian Social Democratic Workers / Labour Party was founded in 1898 and it soon split into two groups i.e. Bolsheviks and Mensheviks over the questions of organization and policies of the party. The Bolsheviks who were in majority favoured a party of those who would abide by the discipline of the party and work for revolution. Their leader was Lenin. Whereas, the Mensheviks who were in minority favoured a party of the type that existed in countries like France and Germany, i.e. the party should be open to all and should participate in elections to the parliaments of their countries. Q.9 Describe the social, political and economic conditions of Russia before Revolution. Ans. Social conditions: The social conditions of Russian before the revolution were deplorable (very bad). The society was divided into privileged and unprivileged classes. The privileged class possessed a very large portion of land and key posts of the administration. While the conditions of peasants and labourers was miserable. They worked on the land of landlords and had to pay certain taxes. The workers were not given sufficient wages. Under the despotic rule of the czars, the citizens did not enjoy any kind of freedom. The workers had to work for long hours in the factories. One third of the peasants were landless. The masses were backward. Political conditions: In this regard, we see that the rule of the czars was despotic in nature. He was the absolute monarch of Russia and absolute despotism was the only norm for the rulers. The czar was the chief executive and law maker of the country. He had the right to dissolve the

6 Duma. All the high and important posts were held by the aristocracy. The czars were not paying good attention towards the welfare for the people. Economic conditions: The vast majority of Russia s population were agriculturists, i.e 85% were earning their living from agriculture. It was difficult for the peasants and workers to make their both ends meet. Even the abolition of serfdom in 1861 could not improve their conditions and they were continuously suffering from the exploitation by their landlords. The wages of the workers were less and the privileged class was rich and enjoyed all kinds of amenities of life. They were living a life of luxury. Q.10 What was the impact of the Russian Revolution over the globe? Ans. Impact of Russian Revolution over the globe: 1. It became the model for the formation of communist parties in different countries. 2. The ideas of Marx had been advocated for universal application. 3. The organization of the communist international (international organization of all communist countries), or Comintern was the result of this revolution. 4. By this revolution, socialism attained a global face and world stature. 5. It gave the idea of economic planning for the improvement in the condition of the peasantry. Q.11 Give an account of the changes introduced after 1917 revolution in Russia. Ans. After 1917 revolution, following changes were introduced in Russia. 1. Most banks and industries were nationalized (means declared state property). 2. Land was declared social property. 3. In cities, large houses were partitioned according to the family requirements. 4. New uniforms were designed for the army. 5. The Bolshevik party was renamed as the Russian Communist Party. 6. War was ended by negotiations with Germany; and Russia withdraw herself from the first world war. 7. New Economic policy (NEP) was introduced by Lenin in 1921 in order to improve the condition of the peasants and to increase the production. Some other important Questions: Q.1 What was the impact of Russian revolution over Russia? Ans. We can conclude the impact of Russian Revolution over Russia in the following points. 1. The first and foremost impact was the overthrow of autocracy (rule for self) and the destruction of the aristocracy. 2. The powers of the church were confiscated (taken away). 3. It paved the way for the building of world s first socialist society. 4. Private property for production was abolished and the motive of private profit was eliminated from the system of production. 5. The most important impact was the withdrawal of Russia from the First World War. Q.2 Write few sentences about the following: 1. Going to the People: It was a movement started by the intellectuals for preaching their ideas to the peasants in the last quarter of the 19 th century. 2. Serfdom: This system was exist in Europe before It was associated with land slave who was bound to and transferred with the land. It was abolished in Das Capital: It is a famous book of Karl Marx in which he analyzed the working of capitalism and pointed out the characteristics that would lead to its destruction. 4. Communist Manifesto: It was the work of Karl Marx and his associate Frederick Engels, appeared first in Germany in February The communist Manifesto stated that the aim

7 of workers all over the world was the overthrow of capitalism and the establishment of socialism. 5. The 1905 Revolution: In the month of January, 1905, about 1,10,000 workers in St. Petersburg went on strike demanding a reduction in the working day to 8 hours, an increase in wages and improvement in working conditions. When they reached to the winter palace, they were attacked by the police and at least 130 people were killed and 300 other were injured. This incident started a series of events that became to known as the 1905 revolution. Due to this revolution, in October, the czar yielded and announced his manifesto granting freedom of speech, press and association and duma was also created. This revolution became a dress rehearsal of the 1917 revolution. It aroused the people and prepared them for revolution. 6. Socialism: It is an economic and social system in which the means of production are owned by the society as a whole and not by a few individuals. 7. Capitalism: Capitalism stands for the private ownership of means of production, i.e the means of production such as factories and the things produced by the factories are owned and controlled by a few people. Some important dates Formation of the Russian Social Democratic Workers/ Labour Party The Bloody Sunday and the Revolution of th February 1917 The fall of the czars. 24 th October 1917 Bolshevik uprising in Petrograd the Civil war Formation of comintern. 3 March 1918 Treaty of Brest Litovsk between Russia and Germany.

8 Lesson No. 3 Nazism and the rise of Hitler Terminology Nazism: The term Nazism is derived from the name of the party (National German Worker s Party) founded by Adolf Hitler in Germany and it was a dictatorial rule under him. Mein Kemph: Mein kemph or My Struggle is a book written by Hitler in jail. Concentration camps: These were setup by Hitler in Germany, where he used to torture those who opposed him or his party. Reichestag: It is the name of the German parliament. Swastika: It was the symbol of Nazi Party. Treaty of Versailles: It was signed on June 28, 1919 between the German representatives and the Allied Powers. This treaty was totally against Germany and it humiliated the Germans. Brown shirts: It was Hitler s militia which disrupted meetings of other parties and protected the meetings of the Nazi party. Q.1) Describe the problems faced by the Weimar republic? Ans) The defeat of Germany in the First World War and the abdication (to leave the position of being a king) of the emperor Kaisar Williamm II provided an opportunity for the birth of a provisional republican government, called the Weimer Republic. It had faith in democratic, liberal and socialistic principles. But from the very beginning it faced a lot of problems which can be mentioned as under: 1. It was criticized by the people largely because of the terms it accept at the end of the First World War. 2. The German people did not like democracy in their country as they were brought up in military traditions. 3. A major problem for the Weimer republic was the multiparty system in Germany. 4. It s biggest problem was that it signed the treaty of Versailles which shattered Germany both physically and mentally, so people turned against it. 5. The world depression of 1929 also created problems for Weimer Republic as it brought poverty, unemployment, decrease in agricultural production and collapse of business, so people held the Weimer government responsible for all these crises. 6. In 1923, Germany refused to pay the war indemnity (compensation) which resulted in the occupation of its leading industrial area, Ruhr, to France. Q.2) Discuss why Nazism became popular in Germany in 1930? Ans) Nazism became popular in Germany in 1930 because of the following reasons: 1. Political condition: The political condition in Germany was not good as her imperial ambition (which relates with empire) remained unfulfilled and the big forces like the industrialists, the big land owners and the army officers began to turn to the anti-democratic forces represented by the Nazism to extend their power. In this way, Nazism got the support of these forces and became popular. 2. Treaty of Versailles: The Nazi party highlighted the humiliated treaty of Versailles and its drawbacks in such a way whereby people turned against the Weimar republic and supported them. Many of the harsh terms and conditions of the treaty were also modified by the party. 3. Magnetic personality of Hitler: Hitler had a magnetic personality. He had all the qualities required for a popular leader. He was very shrewd politician, a powerful orator, and a brave soldier. He made full use of all the means of propaganda (misleading information to influence people) to impress the people and to make Nazism popular in Germany.

9 4. Economic crisis: The most important cause for the popularity of Nazism was the economic depression of Every class in Germany was discontented and the Nazis succeeded in exploiting their discontented. The Nazis won over the people by raising their hopes of prosperity and lastly they won the support of the unemployed class whose number was more than 5 million in The Nazi programme: The Nazi programme assured to have the treaty of Versailles amended (changed), to recover the lost German territory, to restore the old glory, to protect property, to crush the communists and to save the consumers by from the exploitation by producers and to provide employment to the unemployed. Therefore, it got popularity in Germany. Q.3) What were the peculiar features of Nazi thinking? Ans) Following were the peculiar features of Nazi thinking: 1. The principle of eternal justice which meant that Germans should get a place to live on. 2. There should be dictatorship i.e. absolute authority of Nazis and no body should oppose it. 3. All the Jews living anywhere in the world must be hated. 4. There is only one best race i.e. German race, so they must have control over the world. 5. To establish Nazi rule and to put an end to the other parties. 6. To expand the German influence and to regain all the lost colonies. 7. Liberalism, socialism and communism must be rooted out. 8. Agricultural and industrial production must be increased and to provide employment to the all unemployed youths. 9. To take Germany once again at the top by fighting and winning wars. 10. The state is above all and all the powers showed be vested in its hands. Q.4) Explain why Nazi propaganda was effective in creating a hatred for Jews. Ans) The Nazi propaganda was effective in creating a hatred for Jews in the following ways: 1. The party aroused in every individual an indomitable (blind) faith in National Socialism and inspired everyone to hate the Jews by blaming them for Germany s problems. 2. From the time of German s defeat in the First World War, the feelings that the Jews were responsible for it had gained currency (popularity) among the people of Germany. The Nazi party took full advantage of these anti-semistic (hatred against Jews) feelings and promised to expel the Jews from the country and to handover their factories to the unemployed. 3. The Jews had been stereotyped as killers of Christ and usurers. Therefore, the Europeans Christians considered the Jews as unwanted race. 4. Propaganda films were made to create hatred for Jews. 5. Nazis worked on the minds of the people, tapped their emotions and turned their hatred and anger at those marked as undesirable (Jews). 6. All the schools were cleaned and purified by dismissing the Jews. Germans and Jews were not allowed to sit together. 7. Most of the Jews were sent to the concentration camps. Q.5) Explain the role women had played in creating Nazi society return to chapter 1 on the French revolution. Write a paragraph comparing and contrasting the role of women in the two periods. Ans) In creating Nazi society, women had a great role. The girls were told to become good mothers and rear pure blooded Aryan children. They maintained the purity of race by keeping themselves away from Jews and taught their children Nazi values. They acted as the bearers of the Aryan culture and race. Those who bore racially undesirable children were punished and others with racially desirable children were awarded. Honour crosses were also awarded to encourage them to produce many children.

10 From the very beginning women were active participants in the events which brought about so many important changes in French society. In both the periods, women did a great job in bringing changes in the societies. Q.6) In what ways did the Nazi state seek to establish total control over people? Ans) The sudden rise of the Nazi party was a remarkable phenomenon in the history of Germany and Europe. It rose to the power or seek total control over people in the following ways: 1. The Nazis succeeded in utilizing the situation prevailed in Germany to their advantage and spread their influence. 2. There was multiparty system in Germany which contributed to the victory of the Nazi party. 3. A programme was prepared and implemented by the party to suppress the all other political parties, i.e. dictatorship was established there. 4. The Nazis considered war an ideal business and a bellicose (warrior/fighter) an ideal man. They believed in might is right. 5. Propaganda was another way or method to have control over people by highlighting the programme of the party and by creating hatred against Jews. 6. The Nazis organized a planned campaign of Humiliation and persecution (killing) of the German Jews and they sought to eliminate (to end) the Jewish race from the German soil. 7. The Nazis suggested that they alone could solve the problems of people. 8. The Nazis controlled the media to win the support of the people. 9. They spread their ideas through images, films, radio, posters, etc. 10. They succeeded in suppressing the communists when Reichstag (the German parliament) was set to fire by them and the blame was put on the communist party. 11. There was a severe campaign against the socialists, communists and other suspected anti-nazi leaders, launched by the Nazi party. Q.7) How did the Nazis persecute the Jews? Ans) Once in power, the Nazis quickly began to persecute the Jews. From 1933 to 1938, the Nazis terrorized, pauperized and segregated (separated) the Jews, compelling them to leave the country. They were forbidden to fly the national flag. Marriages between Jews and German were forbidden and they were considered as undesirables ; their properties were destroyed and looted and houses were attacked; their children were thrown out of schools and in 1940 s, they were taken to the gas chambers (disinfection areas). Under the Nazi rule, the Jews faced untold murder, imprisonment, torture, theft and destruction of their properties. Q.8) What did the Nazi envisage for the youth? Ans) The Nazis envisaged (imagination) the superiority of the German nation and Aryan race; the need to have a living place was another principle envisaged for the youth. To worship war, glorify aggression and violence, condemn democracy and to hate Jews, communists and other undesirable categories was also preached to the Nazi youth. Games like boxing were taught in order to make children iron-hearted strong and masculine. The recovery of the lost territories in the world war 1 st was also preached to the youth. Hitler believed that Nazi society could be established only by teaching children Nazi ideology, so the Nazis envisaged them against their enemies. Q.9) Discuss the impact of economic crises of Germany. Ans) The impact of economic crises ( ) on Germany can be discussed and summarized as under: 1. The German economy was hit hard by the depression. By 1932, industrial production was reduced to 40% of the 1929 level. 2. The German workers lost their jobs or were receiving low wages.

11 3. The number of unemployed touched an unprecedented 6 million. 4. As jobs disappeared, the youth took to criminal activities and total despair became common place. 5. The German currency lost its value. 6. The middle class people and small businessmen suffered as their salaries and business got ruined. 7. The large mass of peasantry was affected by a sharp fall in agricultural prices and women were unable to fill their children s stomachs. 8. The biggest effect was that it became the major cause for the downfall of the Weimer republic which inturn resulted in the rise of Hitler and his party. Q.10) State the rise of Hitler to power. Ans) Adolf Hitler, the chairman of the Nazi party was born on April 20, 1889 in a middle class family at Bruno in Austria. He joined the German army as an ordinary soldier during world war 1 st. The German defeat horrified him and the Versailles treaty made him furious. Then first he joined the German workers party and by his abilities and qualities, he became the overall leader of this party which was now named as the National Socialists German Worker s Party (Nazi party). In 1923, he was imprisoned when he made an unsuccessful attempt to overthrow the German Republic. There he wrote Mein Kemph (My struggle) which outlined his programme for building a Nazi Germany. Once released from jail, he decided to seize power and adopted different methods for it. By his influential speeches, he got the support from the public and he succeeded in turning people against the Jews and communists. Then it was during the great depression of 1929 that Nazism became a mass movement. Taking full advantage of the economic crisis in Germany and by highlighting the drawbacks of the treaty of Versailles, by declaring his programme and by declaring Jews as undesirable ones and responsible for Germany s defeat, and by providing unemployment there, he got the mass support and rose to the power. Q.11) How did Nazi government affect the German policy? Ans) The Nazi government affected the German policy in the following ways: 1. It s economic policies solved economic problems by providing full employment, prosperity and financial security. 2. The Nazi propaganda gave people hope, and it s racial philosophy provided people self-belief. 3. It put an end to the problem of unemployment and the industrial production almost doubled. 4. The Nazi government limited the personal freedoms (e.g. freedom of speech). 5. It declared Jews as the biggest enemies of the Germany as well as undesirables. 6. It changed the syllabus in the schools. 7. It prepared Germans for taking revenge against the Allied powers. 8. Lastly, it took Germany to the Second World War. *********************** *************************************************** Time and Tide Waits For None So, dear Scholar s Work Hard Because HW is a Key to Success

12 Lesson No. 4 History of modern J&K State Q.1 Describe the circumstances that led J & K state to come into being? Ans. The state of J&K came into being under the rule of Maharaja Gulab Singh. After the death of Ranjit sing, the Lahore kingdom had fallen into disorder and the central authority weakened. Then Gulab Sing by virtue of his ability and good luck entered into a deal with Britishers in the form of treaty of Amritsar (March 16, 1846). According to this treaty, the British government Transferred and make over forever an independent possession of some of the ceded (given) areas including Kashmir to Gulab Sing and his heirs (successors) and in return Gulab Singh had to pay to the British 75 lakh of rupees. With this the state of J&K came into being. Q.2 Comment on the reorganization and reformation of the administration during the period ( )? Ans. The reorganization and reformation of the administration during the period ( ) is as under: It was Maharaja Ranbir Singh who took his attention in the state s administration as Gulab Singh could not got time because he was busy in suppressing the revolts and set up 3 separate departments dealing with the revenue, civil and military affairs. He also reorganized the judicial system and issued a new state penal code called Ranbir penal code. Appeal courts were setup where people could present their grievances (problems) and seek justice. New department of accounts, public works, police, forest and revenue were re-established on modern lines. A food control department was established to supply rice to the city people. The court language was replaced by Urdu in A beginning was made in local self-govt. by establishing municipalities at Srinagar and Jammu. Primary education was made compulsory in the state and child marriage was prohibited. For the settlement of revenue in 1990 Sir Walter Lawrence was appointed as the revenue settlement officer. The land revenue was reduced to one-third and the peasants were granted occupancy rights. Q.3 What were the development in the field of communication under the Dogra rulers? Ans. The developments in the field of communication under the Dogra rulers are as follows: The Dogra rulers made a tremendous effort in this regard. In The Jhelum valley cart Road (The world s famous mountainous road) from Khola to Baramulla was constructed and later on in 1897 it was extended to Srinagar. It s construction was a leap in the development of means of communication. Another highway i.e. the Banihal cart road was thrown open to the public traffic in 1922 which connected Srinagar with Jammu. A big development was the starting of the first railway link between Jammu and Sialkote in Telegraphic lines were laid down to all important towns and postal service was also started. Telephone connection between Jammu and Srinagar was also set up. Further, many other road linking the various districts Tehsils and towns were constructed and improved. The frontier ice roads connecting Kashmir province with the Poonch Jagir through Shopain and with Leh through sonamarg were also constructed and improved. Q.4 Sketch out the progress in the sphere of education and medicare facilities? Ans. The progress in the sphere of education and medicare facilities during the Dogra period is as under: During this period, educational setup was improved greatly by opening a number of schools and colleges. The state took great interest for the development of education. In 1930, compulsory education in all municipal areas of state was introduced and the imparting of primary education was made free.

13 One college imparting higher education each at Jammu (Prince of whales college in 1907) and Srinagar (Sri Partap college in 1905) was established. One more Technical institution i.e. Amar Singh College at Srinagar was built. A number of modern hospital for both males and females were established at Srinagar and Jammu. In other towns and important villages, medical dispensaries were opened. When during the time of Partap Sing, the epidemic of cholera spread which took the toll of ten thousand lives, the vaccination on an extensive scale was introduced to prevent the lives of the people and also sanitary conditions got improved. A maternity hospital was also opened at Srinagar and another in Jammu. Q.5 Describe the revenue structure and reforms during the period? Ans. The revenue structure and reforms during the Dogra Period can be described as under: The revenue was paid partly in cash and partly in kind. The state share was about one half and the peasants were also to pay an additional tax called rasum. There were taxes on sale of wood, marriage tax and some other taxes. In addition, forced labour or Beggar system was also prevalent. However, Maharaja Ranbir Singh made an attempt to assess the land revenue at a fixed rate. In 1887, the rights of the agriculturalist were clearly defined and the state s demand was fixed for ten years. Then Walter Lawrence appointed in 1889 greatly reformed the revenue system. The land revenue was reduced to one third and the peasants were granted occupancy right. The department of agriculture and the cooperative societies were established to improve the conditions of the cultivators. Apart from this, agriculture, sericulture and horticulture were given much importance. ************************************************************************************** ************************************************************************************** L No. 5 Forest Society and Colonialism Q.1 Discuss how the changes in forest management in the colonial period affected the following people: Shifting cultivators Nomadic and pastoralist communities Firms trading in timber /forest produce. Plantation owners Kings/British officials engaged in shikar. Ans. Effect on shifting cultivation: One of the major impacts of European colonialism was on the practice of shifting cultivation. European foresters regarded this practice as harmful for the forests as it could not grew trees for railway timber. Shifting cultivation also made it harder for the government to calculate taxes. Therefore, the government decided to ban shifting cultivation and with the ban, many communities were forcibly displaced from their homes in the forests and some had to change occupation. While some resisted through large and small rebellions. Effects on nomadic and pastoralist communities: With the passing of the Forest Act of 1865, most of the activities of nomadic and pastoral communities became illegal. Now they could not graze their herds in the forests and they could not get forest produce like fruits, roots, fuel and timber and herbs. In short, they could not collect their forest products. Effects on Firms trading in timber/forest produce: The colonial rule affected this practice largely. Now the people were not allowed to cut trees and get timber from forests. They faced problem as they were restricted from getting forest produce. On the contrary, the European trading firms were given the right to trade in the forest products of particular areas. Effect on plantation owners: The owners of the plantation fields were mostly Europeans. So, rules and regulations for plantation were infavour of them. Therefore, large areas of natural forests were cleared to make way for tea, coffee and rubber plantations to meet Europe s growing need

14 for these commodities. The colonial government took over the forests, and gave vast areas to European planters at cheap rates. Effect on kings/british officials engaged in Shikar: Under colonial rule, the scale of hunting increased to such an extent that various species became extinct. The British saw large animals as signs of wild, primitive (ancient) and sewage (cruel, harsh) society. So they started as process of killing these animals and were also giving rewards for the killing of tigers, wolves, leopards and other large animals. Q.2 What are the similarities between colonial management of the forests in Bastar and Java? Ans. The similarities between colonial management of the forests in Baster and Java are as under: 1. Both were under the colonial rule. 2. Forests Acts were implemented in both the places. 3. The traditional local people were debarred from the benefit of forests. 4. In both the places, scientific forestry was implemented. 5. The people of both the places were facing problems. 6. Both the places were banned or restricted from hunting, shifting cultivation and from the collection of any kind of forest produce. 7. The villagers of both the places were punished for grazing cattle in the forests. 8. The forests of both the places were cut down largely. 9. And lastly, the people of both the places revolted but were suppressed ruthlessly. Q.3 Between 1880 and 1920, forest cover in the Indian subcontinent declined by 9.7 million hectares, from million hectares. Discuss the role of the following factors in this decline: Railways Shipbuilding Agriculture expansion Commercial plantations Tea/coffee plantations Adivasis and other peasant users. Ans. Railways: In the decline of forests resources, railways played an important role. For the construction of railways, wood was used as fuel to run locomotives and sleepers were required for tacks to hold them together tightly. As per estimate around 2000 sleepers were required to lay down only a mile of railway track and one single tree was providing only 3 sleepers. So, it can be imagined that how many trees were required and cut down for the construction of hundreds of miles of railway tracks. Ship building: In the 19 th century, trade and commerce was through the sea route, and wood was the main material used in shipbuilding. When Oak forests disappeared in England, a problem of Timber supply was felt there. So they turned their attention towards India, were within a decade trees were cut down on a large scale and vast quantities were being exported from India. Agricultural Expansion: In the colonial period cultivation expanded which led to the deforestation. The demand of commercial crops like jute, sugar, wheat and cotton increased in England. They were also in need of raw materials for industrial production. So the British directly encouraged the production of these crops. The Britishers also cleared the forests because they thought that forests were unproductive. So between 1880 and 1920, cultivated area rose by 6.7 million hectares. Commercial Farming: The forests in India were affected greatly by the commercial farming. As the Britishers gave encouragement to the cash crops like Jute, tea, Coffee, Rubber, Sugar, Cotton

15 etc. Europe was in great need of these crops in order to feed its growing urban population. So they cleared forests. Tea/Coffee plantation: Large areas of natural forests were also cleared to make way for tea, coffee and rubber plantations to meet Europe s growing demand for these commodities. The colonial government took over the forests, and gave vast areas to European planters at cheap rates. These areas were enclosed and cleared of forests, and planted with tea or coffee. Adivasis and other peasant users: After the passing of certain forest Acts, the everyday practice (cutting wood for their houses, grazing their cattle, collecting fruits and roots, hunting and fishing etc) of adivasis and other peasants became illegal. But those people were stealing wood from the forests and grazing their cattle stealthy. Q.4 Why are forests affected by wars? Ans. Forests were affected by wars in the following ways: 1. The forest department cut trees freely to meet British war needs. 2. By the policy of Scratched Earth, a large number of forests were burnt by the Dutch during the wars. 3. Many villagers during wars expanded cultivation. 4. During wars, large number of forests came under fire which led to cleaning of forests. Q.5 How did industrialization effect forests? Ans. The forests are affected by industrialization because there would most likely be acid rain by industrialization. For example, in Germany (an industrial country) there are many factories all over the country. The factories cause air pollution. The air evaporates into the clouds which then come down as acid rain destroying thousands of forests. Q.6 State the reasons for extension in cultivation? Ans. (a) (b) (c) The reasons for extension in cultivation are as under: Commercialization of agriculture is one of the major reason. Production of commercial crops like Jute, wheat, sugar, cotton got encouragement from the British to feed their growing urban population. Apart from the food the raw material for industries was also needed. The Britishers considered the forests as unproductive; therefore they cleared the forests and brought them under cultivation to have agricultural products and revenue in order to increase the state s income. As a result, the cultivated area rose by 6.7 million hectares during 1880 to The continuous increase in population also led to the increase in cultivation in order to fulfill the need of food. Q.7 Explain the uses of forests for people and government in 19 th and 20 th centuries? Ans. In the 19 th and 20 th century, people needed forests to get fuel, fodder, (dried straw for cattle) medicine, wood to build houses foods grown in forests furniture and agricultural equipments like yokes and ploughs, bamboo to make baskets, leaves of the forest trees to make disposable cups and plates. People were also getting cooking oil from the seeds or Mahu tree. The oil can be used to light lamps.

16 On the other hand, the government was using forests in the building of ships and railways. Therefore, tall and straight trees having hard wood like teak and sail were cut down by the government. Q.8 What was the reaction of the tribal people to the British forest policy? Ans. The reaction of the Tribal people against the British forest policy was negative. They revolted against them as the policy was totally against them. They rebelled against the changes in laws, the restriction on the practices, the new taxes they had to pay etc. There were different movements like the santhal movement, Baster etc. against the British. In Indonesia, Surontiko samin challenged the Ducth and rebelled against them. Every village contributed something to the rebellion expenses. Though the rebellions were suppressed, but they showed a tough reaction against the British. ************************************************************************************** ************************************************************************************** Lesson No. 6 Pastoralists in The Modern World Q.1) Explain why nomadic tribes need to move from one place to another. What are the advantages to the environment of this continuous movement? Ans) The nomadic tribes need to move from one place to another place because of the following reasons: (a) They are always in need of pastures to graze their cattle but they did not have regular fields to get fodder for their herds, so they started to move from one place to another. (b) As the availability of pasture is limited in a particular area so they have to move from one place to another. (c) They had to move between summer and winter because during winter mountains are covered with snow, so they move towards low lying areas which provides them pasture for their cattle. In summer the snow melts and pastures are full with grass so they once again start their migration towards mountains. Advantages of the environment: Their cyclic movement allows sufficient time for natural restoration of vegetation and allows pastures to recover there by prevents the overuse of the pastures. Q.2) Discuss why the colonial government in India brought in the following laws in each case, explain how the law changed the lives of pastoralists: Waste Land rules, Forest Acts, Criminal Tribes Act, Grazing tax Ans) Waste land rule: The waste land rule was enacted by the colonial government in India in order to transfer all waste land into useful cultivated one and to increase the revenue collection, which was main source of its income. These waste land rules led to the decline of pastures and created a problem for pastoralists. Forest Acts: The forest acts were enacted by the colonial rule in order to declare the different forests that were producing valuable timber, as reserved and protected ones and to save the forest from destruction caused by the grazing of cattle. These acts changed the lives of pastoralists as they were not allowed to enter into these forests and were restricted from taking valuable products and forage for their cattle. Criminal tribes Act: This act was passed in By this act many communities of craftsmen, traders and pastoralists were classified as criminal tribes because British officials were suspicious