8... continued the reign of terror for about one and half years from 1793 to (Napolean Bonaparte, Robespierre, Rousseau)

Transcription

1 2 FRENCH REVOLUTION Q.1. (A) Complete the following statements by choosing appropriate alternatives from those given in the brackets : *1. The common man of France had to suffer from forced labour, payment of salt-tax and..., a tax of 1/10 th of income to be paid to church. (Income-tax, tithe, land tax) *2. Montesquieu was a... by profession. (Doctor, lawyer, teacher) *3.... was exiled from France. (Montesquieu, Voltaire, Rousseau) *. Without..., the French revolution would not have taken place. (March 08, Sept. 10) (Montesquieu, Voltaire, Rousseau) *5.... had read Rousseau. (Sept. 09) (Louis XIV, Louis XV, Louis XVI) 6. French Revolution has inspired the nations held in... (inequality, servility, poverty) 7. French Republic was ended by... an intelligent general on 18th May 180. (Napolean Bonaparte, Robespierre, Rousseau) continued the reign of terror for about one and half years from 1793 to (Napolean Bonaparte, Robespierre, Rousseau) 9. National Assembly had already abrogated... in France (feudalism, industrialization, monarchy) 10. French thinkers Voltaire, Montesquieu, Rousseau awakened the masses against... injustice. (Social, political, economic) 11. During the reign of Bourbon monarch... France was at the height of her glory. (Louis XIV, Louis XV, Louis XVI) is regarded as the prophet of French revolution (Rousseau, Voltaire, Montesquieu) crowned himself as the Emperor in 180. (Mirabeau, Robespierre, Napoleon Bonaparte) conveyed to the king that : We are here by the will of people and nothing but bayonets shall drive us out. (Mirabeau, Robespierre, Napoleon Bonaparte) 8

2 (B) Match the Following : I A Group B Group 1. Montesquieu (Sept. 08) (a) Leader of the commoners 2. Voltaire (b) The inspiration behind the French Revolution 3. Rousseau (c) The comparative study of the British and French judiciary. (d) Satirical writing. Ans. (1 - c), (2 - d), (3 - b) II A Group B Group 1. Louis XVI (a) Noble by birth and lawyer 2. Montesquieu (b) Bourbon dynasty 3. Turgot (c) Finance Minister of Louis XVI Ans. (1 - b), (2 - a), (3 - c) III A Group B Group 1. Voltaire (a) Prophet of French revolution 2. Rousseau (March 08) (b) exiled from France 3. Mirabeau (Sept. 10) (c) Leader of the National Assembly (d) Theory of Separation of Powers Ans. (1 - b), (2 - a), (3 - c) IV A Group B Group 1. Versailles (a) Capital of France 2. Bastille (b) Industrial centre 3. Paris (c) Suburb of Paris (d) Symbol of absolute monarchy Ans. (1 - c), (2 - d), (3 - a) V A Group B Group 1. Necker (a) Brought the French Republic to an end 2. Robespierre (b) Thoery of separation of powers 3. Montesquieu (c) Led attack on Bastille (d) Reign of Terror ( e) Finance Minister of Louis XVI Ans. (1 - e), (2 - d), (3 - b) Q.2 Answer each of the following questions in 20 to 25 words. *1. Why is the French revolution regarded as the starting point of history of the modern world? Ans. 1) The French revolution was outwardly a revolt against monarchy. 2) The masses revolted against the French King and brought about his downfall. 9

3 3) But the aim of bringing about social equality was the underlying inspiration. ) This is why French Revolution is regarded as the starting point of history of the modern world. *2. What is meant by a revolution? (March 08) Ans. 1) A revolution is a fundamental change brought about intentionally. 2) When a certain social system inflicts injustice, either on an individual or the society as a whole and tries to thwart social development, the people are aroused to action. 3) Such an action in the form of a revolt destroys the old system and replaces it with a new system based on new values. ) In other words, a revolution is a social struggle against injustice. *3. How was the French society divided before the revolution? Ans. 1) Before the revolution, the French society was divided into three classes: the first estate, the second estate and the third estate, in the descending order. 2) The first estate consisted of higher order of priests and clergy. Nobles and landlords were included in the second estate. 3) These two classes together accounted for only four percent of the French population. ) The rest 96 percent constituted the third estate consisting of the merchants, lawyers, doctors, teachers, craftsmen, farmers and serfs. *. Explain Rousseau s concept of the state? Ans. 1) According to Rousseau, man is born free, but later he finds himself in all kinds of bondages. 2) As man moves away from the state of nature, he is subjected to more and more restrictions. 3) Some restrictions are essential for a stable social life, so society creates a state. ) Thus, the state is not a divine creation but it is the outcome of a sort of an unwritten social contract. If the state failed to abide by the terms of the contract, the people have a natural and a moral right to over throw the state authority. *5. How did Louis XVI try to improve the conditions in France? (Sept. 10) Ans. 1) Louis XVI, tried his best to improve the financial conditions in France. 2) His finance ministers, Turgot, Necker and Calon opined that it would not be possible to increase the revenue of France unless the nobles were made to pay taxes. 3) The king, therefore, convened a meeting of nobles and put before them his finance ministers proposal, explaining the difficulties the country would face if the proposal was not accepted. ) However, when the nobles refused and remained adamant, Louis XVI convened the Estates-General, a representative body of all three classes in France. Thus Louis XVI, honestly tried to improve the conditions in France. 10

4 *6. Which principles were proclaimed by the National Assembly in the Declaration of Human Rights? (Sept. 08) Ans. 1) After the fall of Bastille, the National Assembly tried to control the violence of Parisian mobs. 2) It proclaimed the Declaration of Human Rights. 3) The three Principles Liberty, Equality, Fraternity formed the basis of the French constitution. ) These principles also provided a value structure to the mankind. Q.3 Give reasons for the following statements in 20 to 25 words each. *1. The discontent of the masses expressed itself in the form of a powerful revolt in Ans. 1) In France, the first two estates were exempted from payment of taxes. Therefore the burden of taxes squarely fell on the members of the third estate. 2) The common man had to suffer from forced labour, compulsory work of building roads for the feudal lords and payment of salt tax and tithe, a tax at 1/10th of the income paid to the church. 3) The judicial system was also based on inequality where the codes of law differed from province to province and from one social class to another. ) It was natural that the common man resented all this prevailing inequality. Thus the discontent of the masses expressed itself in the form of a powerful revolt in *2. Rousseau is regarded as the prophet of French revolution. Ans. 1) Rousseau stated that state is not a divine creation, but the outcome of an unwritten Social Contract. 2) If the state fails to fulfill the terms of the contract the people have a natural and moral right to overthrow the state authority. 3) In the social, economic and political conditions prevailing in the 18th century, these ideas of Rousseau proved conducive to the revolutionary spirit. ) Hence Rousseau is regarded as the prophet of the French revolution. *3. Louis XVI was compelled to convene the Estates-General. Ans. 1) Louis XVI, tried his best to improve the financial conditions in France. 2) His finance ministers, Turgot, Necker and Calon opined that it would not be possible to increase the revenue of France unless the nobles were made to pay taxes. 3) The king, therefore, convened a meeting of nobles and put before them his finance minister s proposal, explaining the difficulties the country would face if the proposal was not accepted. ) However, when the nobles refused and remained adamant, Louis XVI convened the Estates-General, a representative body of all three classes in France. Thus Louis XVI, honestly tried to improve the conditions in France. 11

5 *. Louis XVI was guillotined on 21 st January Ans. 1) While France was in political turmoil, Louis XVI appealed to certain European monarchs for their help against his people. 2) The king, the queen and the prince were apprehended while they were trying to escape from France in disguise. 3) The royal family was imprisoned. ) The king was tried for treason and was guillotined on 21st January, *5. Robespierre was put to death on 28 th July 179. Ans. 1) The reign of terror continued for about one and half years from 1793 to ) The first year was particularly marked by terrorism of the extremist leaders. 3) Thousands of innocent sympathizers of the revolution were beheaded by Robespierre merely on suspicion. ) People, at last weary of this bloodshed, arrested Robespierre on 28 th July, 179 and put him to death under the guillotine. Q. Answer each of the following questions in 30 to 0 words. *1. Explain the theory of separation of power of Montesquieu. Ans. 1) Montesquieu ( ) born in noble s family, was a lawyer by profession. 2) He was well aware of unjust judicial system in France. 3) The comparative study of the British and French judiciary had driven him to the conclusion that the French system lacked the qualities of freedom, equality and impartiality of the British system. ) According to Montesquieu legislative, executive and judicial powers should be separated and not concentrated in the hands of the French monarch. 5) He claimed this would guarantee freedom, equality, and protection of life and property. 6) His ideas deeply influenced the intelligentia in France. *2. Give an account of the special features of the constitution of France. Ans. The constitution of France had the following special features. 1) The representatives of the third estate formed the National Assembly and vowed to establish peoples sovereignty in France. 2) It proclaimed the Declaration of Human Rights. 3) The three principles liberty, equality and fraternity formed the basis of French constitution prepared by the National Assembly. ) The pro-people constitution came into effect on 1th September, ) It curtailed the powers of the king. 6) Political privileges of the nobles and the high order of clergies were also abolished. 12

6 *3. State the importance of the French Revolution in the context of world history. (March 09) Ans. 1) French revolution will be remembered as a successful revolt of the people. 2) The principle of sovereignty of the people as enshrined in it, has become the foundation of social life in the modern world. 3) It has established the axiom that despotic rule is unethical. ) This revolution has given value structure of liberty, fraternity constitutionalism and democracy. 5) It has also inspired the nations held in servility and the societies in various chains. 6) The revolution has radically changed the world psyche and hence it is considered as an epoch. Q.5 Answer each of the following question in 80 to 100 words. *1. Give an account about the conditions in France before the revolution with the help of the points given below: (Sept 09, 10) (a) Social Conditions. (b) The tax system (c) Third Estate. Ans. The French revolution is regarded as the starting point of the history of the modern world. The conditions before the revolution can be explained under the following points : (1) Social conditions : i) French Society was divided into three classes the first, the second and the third estate in descending order. ii) The first estate consisted of higher order of priests and clergy. iii) Nobles and landlords were included in second estate. iv) These two classes together accounted for only % of the French population. v) The rest 96 % constituted the third estate. vi) The first two estates enjoyed political and economic privileges. vii) All political and military offices were also reserved for them on hereditary basis. viii) The judicial system was based on inequality. The codes of law differed from province to province. The principles of jurisprudence also differed from one social class to another. (2) Tax system in France : i) In France, the priests and nobles were exempted from payment of taxes. ii) Naturally the burden of taxes squarely fell on members of the third estate. iii) The common man had to suffer from forced labour, compulsory work of building roads for the feudal lords and payment of salt tax and tithe. (1/10th of income paid to church.) 13

7 (3) Third Estate : i) The third estate included merchants, lawyers, doctors, teachers, craftsmen, farmers and peasants. ii) They were the real architects of France s prosperity. iii) They were responsible for intellectual and cultural glory of France. iv) The food production of the country largely depended on them and yet they were treated insignificant. v) The French revolution was engineered by the members of the third estate. Due to the above reasons, discontent grew among the masses which expressed itself in the form of a powerful revolt in *2. What were the effects of the French revolution? (March 10) Ans. Apparently, it may seem that French revolution failed to achieve its objectives. It may be so as far as the short term objectives are concerned. (1) End of monarchy. i) The revolution ended the absolute monarchy in France. ii) Feudalism disappeared forever. iii) The principles of republicanism took roots in France. (2) People s revolt. i) The French revolution will always be remembered as a successful revolt of the people. ii) The principle of sovereignty of people as enshrined in it has become the foundation stone of social life in modern world. (3) Value structure for social life. i) It has established the axiom that a despotic rule is unethical. ii) The revolution has given the value structure of liberty, equality, fraternity, constitutionalism and democracy. () Inspiration to nations and societies. i) This revolution also inspired the nations held in servility and the societies in various chains. ii) The revolution had radically changed world psyche. 1

8 S.S.C. Marks : 20 CHAPTER 2 : FRENCH REVOLUTION SET - A Duration : 1 hr. Q.1. Complete the following statement by choosing appropriate alternatives from those given in the brackets : was the architect of the draft of the 'American declaration of Independence'. (George Washington, Amerigo Vespucci, Thomas Jefferson) 2. A... form of democratic government was introduced in America for the first time. (federal, dual, political) 2 Q.2. Match the following : 'A' Group 'B' Group (a) Tea Act (b) Sugar Act (c) Stamp Act (d) Salt Act Q.3. Answer each of the following questions in 20 to 25 words : (Any 2) 1. What did enrage many a colonists after the end of Seven Years' War? 2. What was the Stamp Act? How did the colonies react to it? What was its effect? 3. What condition led to tension between colonies and England? 3 Q.. Give reasons for the following statements in 20 to 30 words : (Any 2) 1. The political ties between Congress & England came to an end. 2. Colonists became enraged after seven years' war. 3. The colonists were enraged with the imposition of the Tea act.

9 Q.5. Answer each of the following questions in 30 to 0 words: (Any 1) 1. Write a short note on Boston Tea Party. 2. Explain No Taxation without Representation. 3 Q.6. Answer each of the following questions in 80 to 100 words : (Any 1) 1. What were the results of 'American War of Independence'? 2. Write a note on American War of Independence with the help of following points : (a) Taxes (b) Continental Congress. Best Of Luck

10 S.S.C. Marks : 20 CHAPTER 2 : FRENCH REVOLUTION SET - B Duration : 1 hr. Q.1. Complete the following statement by choosing appropriate alternatives from those given in the brackets : 1. Without..., the French Revolution would not have taken place. (Montesquieu, Voltaire, Rousseau) crowned himself as the Emperor in 180. (Mirabeau, Robespierre, Napolean Bonaparte) 2 Q.2. Match the following : 'A' Group 'B' Group 1. Montesquieu (a) Leader of the commoners 2. Voltaire (b) The inspiration behind the French Revolution 3. Rousseau (c) The comparative study of the British and French judiciary (d) Satirical writing 3 Q.3. Answer each of the following questions in 20 to 25 words : (Any 2) 1. Revolution is a social struggle against injustice. How? 2. Who were the Finance minister of France & what suggestion they gave to Louis XVI? 3. What according to Rousseau is concept of state? Q.. Give reasons for the following statements in 20 to 30 words : (Any 2) 1. France experienced a Revolt in The prison of Bastile was attacked. 3. French Revolution influenced many leaders of Modern India.

11 Q.5. Answer each of the following questions in 30 to 0 words: (Any 1) 1. Give an account of Tennis Court oath. 2. Reign of terror started in France. 3 Q.6. Answer each of the following questions in 80 to 100 words : (Any 1) 1. What were the causes of the French Revolution? 2. What were the consequences of the French Revolution? Best Of Luck