14: EUROPEAN STATES IN THE INTER-WAR YEARS ( )

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1 14: EUROPEAN STATES IN THE INTER-WAR YEARS ( ) This section deals with domestic developments in certain key European states in the period between the two world wars. It requires the study of four European countries: Germany, Italy, Spain and any one other country. The section considers the impact of the end of the First World War, then examines the economic, social and cultural changes in each country during the 1920s and 1930s. Weimar Germany: constitutional, political, economic/financial and social issues ( ); initial challenges ( ); Golden Era under Stresemann ( ); the crisis years and the rise of Hitler ( ) Hitler s Germany ( ): consolidation of power; Hitler s pre-war domestic policies, including economic, social and political policies; nature of the Nazi state; the extent of resistance to the Nazis Italy ( ): rise of Mussolini; consolidation of power; Mussolini s pre-war domestic policies, including economic, social and political policies; nature of the fascist state Spain ( ): political, social and economic conditions in Spain; the Primo de Rivera regime; polarization and political parties under the Second Republic; Azaña and Gil Robles; causes of the Civil War; foreign involvement; reasons for nationalist victory under Franco Case study of domestic political, economic and social developments in one European country (other than Germany, Italy or Spain) in the inter-war years.

2 LESSON 3A DOMESTIC POLICIES Essential Question To what extent were Mussolini s domestic policies successful Learning Outcomes: Students will Review Breakdown the question Learn about Mussolini s economic policies Learn about how successful his economic policies were Success Criteria I can complete my chart for Mussolini s economic policies

3 PREVIEW To what extent were Mussolini s domestic policies successful Domestic Policies Political Policies Economic Industry & Agriculture Social Women & minorities

4 READING HL Only European States Pg Class vs. Textbook Class discuss the main ideas and themes, with some evidence Textbook provides further evidence to support your claims & provides practice questions

5 VOCAB Battle over the Southern Problem Battle for Wheat Battle for the Lira Corporate State Autarky

6 ECONOMIC CHART Problem Policy Success/Failure High unemployment rate ( ,000) Industry Industry vs. Workers Agriculture Value of the Lira ( Lire = ) Industrial gap between the North and the South Italy required to import grain

7 GOALS FOR MUSSOLINI S ECONOMIC POLICY Mussolini s economic Goals Make Italy rich Expand its territory Become self-sufficient

8 MUSSOLINI S ECONOMIC POLICIES - INDUSTRY Corporate State bring employees and employers under one Fascist-led confederation corporations were established Fascist trade unions were established for workers employees were forbidden to strike and always lost appeals for raises 1926 Battle for the Lira make the Lira a strong currency Mussolini I will defend the lira to my last breath Results Success and Failure Value increased (ex lire = ) Exports decreased as Italian products became more expensive ex. Fiat exported less cars in 1930s vs. 1920s

9 MUSSOLINI S ECONOMIC POLICIES - INDUSTRY Impact of the Depression Unemployment , million Spent large amounts on public works To maintain popularity, it did not want to raise taxes to pay 1930s gov t ran large deficits, resulting in cuts to the military and lowered standard of living Autarky Italy should be self-sufficient in case of war gov t took control of 80% of shipbuilding and 50% of steel production

10 MUSSOLINI S ECONOMIC POLICIES - AGRICULTURE Battle over the Southern Problem - Attempted rapid urbanization and land redistribution Result failure 87% of peasants owned jut 13% of land Fear to antagonize large landowners Italy was 18 th in daily calorie intake, with lowest amount in the South Battle of Wheat - goal was to make Italy self-sufficient agriculturally, specifically with wheat Land used for olives and fruit were replaced with wheat Result Success and Failure 1931 Italy became self-sufficient with wheat Ex. 1920s 5.5 mil tons; 1930s 7 mil tons Ex, Imports decreased 75% Land converted (C & S Italy) could not grow wheat and traditional products (olive and citrus) decreased

11 ECONOMIC POLICIES SUCCESS OR FAILURE Farrell Economic policies were a success By 1938, total production increased 154% since 1913, compared to 150% in Germany and 109% in France Tannenbaum Economic policies were a failure Corporate state did not reduce class antagonisms or improve economic conditions Negative impact of the Battle for Wheat, Battle for the Lira Unemployment dropped due to increased bureaucracy De Grand Fascism did not create its own economic system but just added bureaucratic tissue on Italian capitalism

12 ECONOMIC CHART Problem Policy Success/Failure High unemployment rate ( ,000) Industry Industry vs. Workers Agriculture Value of the Lira ( Lire = ) Industrial gap between the North and the South Italy required to import grain

13 14: EUROPEAN STATES IN THE INTER-WAR YEARS ( ) This section deals with domestic developments in certain key European states in the period between the two world wars. It requires the study of four European countries: Germany, Italy, Spain and any one other country. The section considers the impact of the end of the First World War, then examines the economic, social and cultural changes in each country during the 1920s and 1930s. Weimar Germany: constitutional, political, economic/financial and social issues ( ); initial challenges ( ); Golden Era under Stresemann ( ); the crisis years and the rise of Hitler ( ) Hitler s Germany ( ): consolidation of power; Hitler s pre-war domestic policies, including economic, social and political policies; nature of the Nazi state; the extent of resistance to the Nazis Italy ( ): rise of Mussolini; consolidation of power; Mussolini s pre-war domestic policies, including economic, social and political policies; nature of the fascist state Spain ( ): political, social and economic conditions in Spain; the Primo de Rivera regime; polarization and political parties under the Second Republic; Azaña and Gil Robles; causes of the Civil War; foreign involvement; reasons for nationalist victory under Franco Case study of domestic political, economic and social developments in one European country (other than Germany, Italy or Spain) in the inter-war years.

14 LESSON 3B DOMESTIC POLICIES Essential Question To what extent were Mussolini s domestic policies successful Learning Outcomes: Students will Review Breakdown the question Learn about his policies towards women, children and men Discuss whether Mussolini successfully met his goals Success Criteria I can complete my domestic policy chart

15 PREVIEW To what extent were Mussolini s domestic policies successful Domestic Policies Political Policies Economic Industry & Agriculture Social Women & minorities

16 VOCAB Battle for Births Opera Nazionale Balilla (ONB) Dopolavoro Fascisation

17 READING HL Only European States Pg Class vs. Textbook Class discuss the main ideas and themes, with some evidence Textbook provides further evidence to support your claims & provides practice questions

18 DOMESTIC POLICIES Group Policy Success/Failure Women Children Adult Males

19 POLICIES ON WOMEN Goal: Raise birth rates for the army for the New Italian Empire and Domesticate women Mussolini A women s place is in the home 1927 Battle for Births goal was to increase the population from 40 mil to 60 million by 1950 Marriage Loans for each child, the loan repayment was reduced Married men with 6 children were exempt from tax Bachelors were heavily taxed ( million lire) Jobs in the civil service to only married men with children State railway company fired all women 1933 quota system for public sector 10%

20 IMPACT - WOMEN Failure Rate of marriage remained Birth rate decreased Ex births per 1000 women Ex per million population Women still made up 33% of industrial workforce, a decrease of 3% since 1921

21 POLICIES FOR CHILDREN Mussolini In Italy the individual is subordinate to the state Education Pictures of Mussolini were placed in the classrooms Students recited, I believe in the genius of Mussolini, in our Holy Father Fascism in the resurrection of the Empire Textbook: What is the duty of a child? Obedience! The second? Obedience! Third? Obedience! 1936 single textbook was compulsory to emphasize Italian greatness Ex. Italian victories in WW1 saved Britain, France and US from defeat

22 POLICIES FOR ORGANIZATION Opera Nazionale Balilla (ONB) formed to transform the body and soul of Italy for all children million members Military training, Fascist ideology, sports and fitness training 1925 Dopolavoro provide leisure activities to compensate for the ban on trade-unionsponsored clubs Controlled all football clubs, 1350 theatres, 8000 libraries , million Not meant for propaganda Ex theatre in Rome (Carro di Tepsi) none of the 7 plays that year were relevant to fascist ideology

23 SUCCESS? Social Goals: Maintain and increase his power & transform Italian character and society Mussolini wanted to shake the bourgeois mentality of Italians Meakin Mussolini s Italy was a triumph of style over substance Successes maintain and increase his power In power for 21 years ( ) Lateran Agreements with the church Increased pride Ex. Took credit for Italy winning the world cup in 1934 & 1938 Failure Fascisation - transform the Italian character and society Many students left school at 11, before the indoctrination Head of a Fascist university organization the masses in the universities are not yet what the Duce wants Older generation did not follow Ex. Failure of the Battle of Births Ex. Irritation following the fascist salute

24 DOMESTIC POLICIES Group Policy Success/Failure Women Children Adult Males

25 REVIEW To what extent were Mussolini s domestic policies successful Domestic Policies Political Policies Economic Industry & Agriculture Social Women, Education, Organization