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1 Italian Fascism,
2 The Making of the 20th Century David Armstrong, Lorna From Versailles to Maastricht: International Lloyd and John Redmond Organisation in the Twentieth Century V.R. Berghahn Germany and the Approach of War in 1914, 2nd edition Raymond F. Betts France and Decolonisation, John Darwin Britain and Decolonisation: The Retreat from Empire in the Post-War World Ann Lane Yugoslavia: When Ideals Collide Robert Mallett Mussolini and the Origins of the Second World War, Sally Marks The Illusion of Peace: International Relations in Europe, , 2nd edition Philip Morgan Italian Fascism, , 2nd edition A.J. Nicholls Weimar and the Rise of Hitler, 4th edition R.A.C. Parker Chamberlain and Appeasement: British Policy and the Coming of the Second World War Anita J. Prazmowska Eastern Europe and the Origins of the Second World War G. Roberts The Soviet Union and the Origins of the Second World War Alan Sharp The Versailles Settlement: Peacemaking in Paris, 1919 Zara S. Steiner and Britain and the Origins of the First World War, Keith Neilson 2nd edition Samuel R. Williamson Austria Hungary and the Origins of the First World War R. Young France and the Origins of the Second World War
3 Italian Fascism, Second Edition Philip Morgan
4 Philip Morgan 2004 All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No paragraph of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London W1T 4LP. Any person who does any unauthorised act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. The author has asserted his right to be identified as the author of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act First published 2004 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS and 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y Companies and representatives throughout the world PALGRAVE MACMILLAN is the global academic imprint of the Palgrave Macmillan division of St. Martin s Press, LLC and of Palgrave Macmillan Ltd. Macmillan is a registered trademark in the United States, United Kingdom and other countries. Palgrave is a registered trademark in the European Union and other countries. ISBN hardback ISBN ISBN (ebook) DOI / This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained forest sources. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress
5 This book is dedicated to the memory of my mother and father.
6 Contents Acknowledgement List of Abbreviations Map of Modern Italy x xi xiii Introduction: Locating Fascism 1 Part I The Conquest of Power, The War, the Post-war Crisis and the Rise of Fascism, Politics and society in post-unification Italy 13 The war in Italy ism and early Fascism 28 The 1919 elections 32 The biennio rosso and Fiume 37 The Fascist reaction 50 Giolitti and Fascism 56 The transition from movement to party 59 The March on Rome 69 2 Between Normalisation and Revolution, The various Fascisms 76 Dictatorship by stealth 80 The conquest of the South and the 1924 election 87 The Matteotti crisis 91 3 The Construction of the Totalitarian State, Totalitarianism 96 The party and the state 98 Syndicates and corporations 105 vii
7 viii CONTENTS The Fascist constitution 109 The conciliation with the Catholic church 112 The revaluation of the lira 115 Ruralism and population policy 119 Part II The Fascist Regime, The Years of the Great Depression, The party and the inquadramento of the nation 127 The organisation of the young, welfare and free time 130 The organisation of culture 137 The impact and limitations of totalitarian control 145 Corporativism and the Great Depression The Creation of the Fascist Empire, Imperialism, revisionism and the limits to Fascist foreign policy in the 1920s 162 The totalitarian state: internal policy as foreign policy and vice versa 167 The Depression and Fascism s opportunity 169 The invasion and conquest of Ethiopia 171 Part III Fascist Expansionism at Home and Abroad, The Axis Connection and the Fascistisation of Italian Society, The Axis with Germany 179 Making something of the empire 187 Forcing the pace of fascistisation 193 Autarky and economic preparation for war 205 Non-belligerency and war, Fascist Italy at War, The collapse of Italy s parallel war 213 The impact of war and the internal crisis of the regime 216 The fall of Mussolini 221
8 CONTENTS ix 8 The Italian Social Republic, The German occupation of Italy and Mussolini s return 224 A return to the origins? 226 The Italian civil war 229 Conclusion 233 Notes 240 Select Bibliography 244 Index 252
9 Acknowledgement I am particularly grateful to Tony Mason, who offered to read the chapters of the original edition as they were written, and did so speedily, giving not only comment and encouragement but also good advice on how to make the text more manageable and readable. x
10 List of Abbreviations AOI CIL CGL CLNAI CONFAG CONFINDUSTRIA EOA ERR FIOM FISA GIL GUF Africa Orientale Italiana [Italian East Africa] Confederazione Italiana del Lavoro [Italian Confederation of Labour (Catholic trade union organization)] Confederazione Generale del Lavoro [General Confederation of Labour (Socialist trade union organization)] Comitato di Liberazione Nazionale per Alta Italia [Committee of National Liberation of Northern Italy (the organisation coordinating the political and military activities of the anti-fascist Resistance)] Confederazione dell Agricoltura [Confederation of Agriculture (the umbrella organisation of landowners and farmers associations)] Confederazione dell Industria Italiana [Italian Industrialists Confederation] Ente Opere Assistenziali [Agency for Welfare Activities (Fascist party social welfare organisation)] Ente Radio Rurale [Rural Radio Agency] Federazione Italiana Operai Metallurgici [Italian Federation of Metalworkers (CGL-affiliated national metalworkers trade union)] Federazione Italiana Sindacati Agricoltori [Italian Federation of Farmers Syndicates (Fascist union of farmers)] Gioventù Italiana del Littorio [Italian Youth of the Lictors (Fascist party youth organisation)] Gioventù Universitaria Fascista [Fascist University Youth (Fascist students organisation)] xi
11 xii INCF IRI MVSN ONMI ONB OND OVRA PCF PFR PNF PPI PSI RSI LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS Istituto Nazionale di Cultura Fascista [National Institute of Fascist Culture] Istituto per la Ricostruzione Industriale [Institute for Industrial Reconstruction] Milizia Volontaria per la Sicurezza Nazionale [Voluntary Militia for National Security] Opera Nazionale di Maternità ed Infanzia [National Mother and Child Agency] Opera Nazionale Balilla [National Balilla Organisation (Fascist children and youth organisation)] Opera Nazionale Dopolavoro [National Afterwork Organisation (Fascist leisure and recreational organisation)] Organizzazione per la Vigilanza e la Repressione Antifascista [Organisation for the Surveillance and Repression of Antifascism (the Interior Ministry s secret police branch)] Parti Communiste Français [French Communist Party] Partito Fascista Repubblicano [Republican Fascist Party] Partito Nazionale Fascista [National Fascist Party] Partito Popolare Italiano [Italian Popular Party (Catholic)] Partito Socialista Italiano [Italian Socialist Party] Repubblica Sociale Italiana [Italian Social Republic]
12 Modern Italy
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