British Military Withdrawal and the Rise of Regional Cooperation in South-East Asia,

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1 British Military Withdrawal and the Rise of Regional Cooperation in South-East Asia,

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3 British Military Withdrawal and the Rise of Regional Cooperation in South-East Asia, Sue Thompson Lecturer, Australian National University

4 Sue Thompson 2015 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No portion of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, Saffron House, 6 10 Kirby Street, London EC1N 8TS. Any person who does any unauthorized act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. The author has asserted her right to be identified as the author of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act First published 2015 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN Palgrave Macmillan in the UK is an imprint of Macmillan Publishers Limited, registered in England, company number , of Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS. Palgrave Macmillan in the US is a division of St Martin s Press LLC, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY Palgrave Macmillan is the global academic imprint of the above companies and has companies and representatives throughout the world. Palgrave and Macmillan are registered trademarks in the United States, the United Kingdom, Europe and other countries. ISBN ISBN (ebook) DOI / This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained forest sources. Logging, pulping and manufacturing processes are expected to conform to the environmental regulations of the country of origin. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress.

5 Contents Acknowledgements Abbreviations vi vii Introduction 1 1 Post-War Policy and Regional Cooperation, Long-Term Policy and Short-Term Problems, October 1964 October Confrontation Ends, July 1965 August Changing Defence Strategies for South-East Asia, October 1965 October Dissent in London, June 1966 July Regional Cooperation in South-East Asia, April 1965 August New Policy for South-East Asia, April 1967 May Non-Military Means of Influence in South-East Asia, March 1968 October The New Strategic Environment, November 1971 September Conclusion 153 Notes 158 Bibliography 182 Index 189 v

6 Acknowledgements Over the years of researching and writing this book, I have received help from many people who must be thanked for their support and assistance. To my doctoral supervisors at the School of Oriental and African Studies, Ian Brown and Ralph Smith, for their kindness, patience and advice throughout my PhD studies on which this book is based. To the University of London, the School of Oriental and African Studies and the Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library for providing research grants enabling me to travel to various archives around the world. And the staff at the National Archives in Kew, the Museum of Labour History in Manchester, the Institute of Historical Research in London, the University of London Library, the London School of Economics Library, Kings College Library, the School of Oriental and African Studies Library, the Lyndon Baines Johnson Presidential Library, the Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library, the National Archives of the United States, the National Archives of Australia, the Australian National Library and the University of Melbourne Archives for all their excellent help and assistance. To my academic colleagues, Chris Roberts, Christian Enemark and Jason Flanagan, for providing references for some of my research grants. To my mother-in-law, Allison, for proof-reading my book chapters many times over, right up until the final deadline, and to my sisterin-law, Stephanie, for sending through the various pages of corrections. To my parents for their encouragement and support throughout my studies, and especially my father who provided me with the advice and inspiration to embark upon my doctoral thesis. To my husband, Chad, for his love, patience and encouragement at every stage; for reading my PhD thesis, providing advice about research grants and archival sources, proof-reading the many versions of my work, sharing archival documents, recommending books, and for help in countless other ways. And finally, to James and Genevieve for their patience during all the weekends and evenings when work took up so much of my time. vi

7 Abbreviations ADB AMDA ANZUK ANZUS ASA ASEAN ASPAC DEA ECAFE EEC FPDA HSTL JFKL LBJL NAA NARA NATO NIC OPD OPD(O) PKI PLP RG SEAARC SEAC SEATO TNA UN USSR ZOPFAN Asian Development Bank Anglo-Malayan Defence Agreement Australian, New Zealand and British Force Australia, New Zealand, United States Defence Pact Association of South-East Asia Association of South East-Asian Nations Asia Pacific Council Department of Economic Affairs Economic Commission for Asia and the Far East European Economic Community Five Power Defence Agreement Harry S. Truman Library John F. Kennedy Library Lyndon Baines Johnson Library National Archives of Australia National Archives and Record Administration, United States North Atlantic Treaty Organisation National Intelligence Committee, Australian Government Defence and Overseas Policy Ministerial Committee Defence and Overseas Policy Official Committee Communist Party of Indonesia Parliamentary Labour Party Record Group South East Asian Association for Regional Cooperation South-East Asia Command South East Asia Treaty Organisation The National Archives, United Kingdom United Nations Soviet Union Zone of Peace, Freedom and Neutrality vii