AN ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL HISTORY OF EUROPE,

Transcription

1 AN ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL HISTORY OF EUROPE,

2 Related Macmillan titles for students: Paul Dukes, A History of Europe, : The Arrival, The Rise, The Fall Studies in Economic and Social History B. W. E. Alford, Depression and Recovery? British Economic Growth, Alan S. Milward, The Economic Effects of the Two World Wars on Britain John Lovell, British Trade Unions, J. R. Hay, The Origins of the Liberal Welfare Reforms, R.J. Overy, The Nazi Economic Recovery, P. Fearon, The Origins and Nature of the Great Slump Ian M. Drummond, The Gold Standard and the International Monetary System,

3 An Economic and Social History of Europe, FRANK B. TIPTON AND ROBERT ALDRICH U niversi ty of Sydney M MACMILLAN

4 Frank B. Tipton and Robert Aldrich 1987 All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No paragraph of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London WIP 9HE. Any person who does any unauthorised act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. First published 1987 by THE MACMILLAN PRESS LTD Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG2l 2XS and London Companies and representatives throughout the world ISBN ISBN (ebook) DOI / A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Reprinted 1993

5 CONTENTS Acknowledgements Introduction Europe Economic and Social History. 1 Economic Development in Europe before the First World War 9 The Second Industrial Revolution. Problems of Large-Scale Industrial Development in Western Europe. Mediterranean Europe. The State and Economic Development in the East. 2 European Expansion: the Gold Standard and Imperialism 42 The Gold Standard: Myth and Reality. The 'New' Imperialism. Trade and Finance in an Imperial System. Results of Imperialism. 3 European Society in the Belle Epoque 71 Social Cleavages. Social Classes. Migrations. Mass Society. 4 Politics and Ideology before 1914 lo2 Politics in Western and Northern Europe. Politics in Southern Europe. Politics in Eastern Europe. Extra-parliamentary Politics. Ideologies. 5 The First World War 135 The Failure of Diplomacy and the Failure of Strategy. The Battles of 1915 and The Organisation of Societies and Economies for 'Total War'. Collapse. 6 Economic Development Cycles and Trends between the Wars. Structural Problems in Western and Northern Europe. Mediterranean Europe. Eastern Europe. The Soviet Experiment. v Vll 1

6 VI CONTENTS 7 Europe and the World between the Wars 200 The Attempt to Restore the Prewar World. Imperialism under Attack. The International Economy and the Depression. 8 European Society The Aftermath of the War. The 1920s. The Depression and the 1930s. 9 Politics and Ideology Successful and Failed Revolutions. Parliamentary Politics in Western and Northern Europe. Authoritarian Politics in Southern and Eastern Europe. Authoritarianism, Fascism and Nazism. Germany from Weimar to Hitler. Epilogue 297 The Spanish Civil War. The Second World War. J1aps 304 Europe in Europe Between the Wars. European Social and Economic Features. Further Reading 308 Index 314

7 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We would like to thank our research assistants, Janell Mills and Ayling Rubin, for their invaluable assistance in finding information, giving suggestions and providing a critical reading of our work; they have been involved in this project from the outset. We would also like to thank Mark Hayne for reading the manuscript and John Roberts of the Department of Geography at the University of Sydney for preparing the maps. Note: throughout, the number 'billion' is used in the sense of 'thousand million'. Note to second printing: some errors in the original text have been corrected. Vll

8 To Lee and Christine, my daughters To Rudolph Binion, my teacher and friend FBT RA