CHC 2D NOTEBOOK. CHAPTER 7: FROM WAR TIMES TO BOOM TIMES: THE 1950s & 1960s. Introduction

Transcription

1 CHC 2D NOTEBOOK CHAPTER 7: FROM WAR TIMES TO BOOM TIMES: THE 1950s & 1960s Introduction Following WWII, Canadians enjoyed an unprecedented period of prosperity In a 1951 census, 1/3 of Canadians were classified as poor ; compared to 2/3s which had been classified as poor in 1921, 1931, and 1941 There was a boom in traditional primary industries High growth in construction and production of consumer goods High employment, wages, and new levels of social security (ie- unemployment insurance) buying a TV, owning a car and home, and going to university were now possibilities There was revolutionary social change in the 1960s as new music, new values, and new expectations developed Tensions and problems in the 1960s economic downturns, labour unrest, and increasing Americanization of Canadian economy and culture Politically there was crisis in Quebec, frequent changes in the federal government It was a time in which there was also an awareness of new developments such as the Cold War, arms race, and the threat of nuclear war Return to Peacetime Unlike 1918, in 1945 the federal government was in a strong position to help reintegrate war veterans ie services for vets pamphlets and guidebooks on adjusting to peacetime life, job counseling, allowances for university education and apprenticeships, financial aid for those working in the farming and fishing industries Vets could purchase building lots at low prices and financing under the National Housing Act was available to all Canadians Gross National Product had more than doubled during the war average wages, workers savings and tax revenues had all risen After the war Ottawa gave $2B to Britain and countries in Western Europe to help their economies recover from the war and these countries in return purchased Canadian exported products Canadians produced exports for the booming US market and Canadian farms and factories were operating at capacity During the war years Canadians could not buy consumer goods because production was focused on war materials they had built up savings which they were willing to spend on houses, cars, new electrical appliances, clothing, et cetra Separation and wartime uncertainty caused many couples to delay having children once the war was over and the Canadian economy was strong, there was a baby boom which lasted into the 1960s It's peak was in 1959 when 1 in 5 Canadian women aged gave birth Population in M; in M Signs of growing financial security Unemployment Insurance Act and in

2 1945, Family Allowances Family allowance was: $5 for each child up to age 5 $6 for each child 6-9 $7 for each child 7-12 $8 for each child This was significant when you realize that the average wage in 1945 was $25/week Family allowance payments went directly to mothers (except in Quebec) and these baby bonuses added up to $25M in purchasing power per year in the Maritimes and $54M in the Prairies Family allowance and unemployment insurance were evidence that Ottawa accepted social security as a government responsibility and protection from harsh economic conditions of the Depression of the 1930s A Changing Canada: Immigration and Urbanization The post-war baby boom was accompanied by a rapid increase in immigration PM King declared that the immigration policy should be selective and dependent on the country's ability to absorb immigrants Preference was given to British subjects, then to American citizens, and in 1948 to French citizens, followed by Europeans that had relatives in Canada Canada also had a responsibility to let other groups enter; ie - displaced persons (people forced from their countries during the war) Chinese Immigration Act was repealed and therefore allowed wives and children of Chinese men who had immigrated to Canada to join them; this right was extended to East Indians but a limit was placed on the overall number of Asian immigrants In 1948 Louis St. Laurent became Prime Minister and set up the Department of Citizenship and Immigration In 1952 there was a new Immigration Act which gave wide powers to the Minister of Immigration the demand for immigrant labour meant that the immigration doors had swung open in the 1950s and 1960s In 1948 there were immigrants In 1957 there were more than which included Hungarian refugees (people fleeing from political or human rights abuse) In 1958 there were immigrants In 1967 there were almost immigrants In 1968 there were almost immigrants These people seldom entered into agriculture; most went on to find work in cities Changing Immigration Laws In 1952 immigrants could be barred from entering Canada due to their ethnic origin In 1962 the main criteria for immigrants was: skill, merit, and ability to fill

3 occupational need Discrimination based on race or country of origin could not be used In 1967 Black West Indians came to Canada the Black population more than doubled in the 1960s In the early 1900s, 2/3s of Canadians lived in rural areas By 1951 the urban population had increased to about 60% In /3s of Canadians lived in towns or cities and Canada was becoming a suburban society Housing developments grew on the outskirts of cities and small farm villages and towns turned into urban communities known as bedroom communities (communities where most of the people work outside of the community) Boom Times in the 1950s and 1960s In what industries did the most dramatic postwar economic growth occur? The most dramatic postwar economic growth occurred in the mining and oil industries. List the areas and industries which developed. The mining of metals such as copper, nickel, silver, and zinc increased in the Canadian Shield around areas such as Timmins and Sudbury in Ontario. Uranium production began in Elliot Lake, ON. Copper and asbestos increased in British Columbia, nickel mining increased in Manitoba and lead and zinc mining increased in New Brunswick. Even Canada's far North was being mined for zinc and tungsten and oil production increased in the Athabasca Tar Sands of Alberta. What was Canada's largest source of oil? Canada's largest source of oil was the Leduc oil fields which were discovered in the late 1940s. What were the major building projects undertaken in the 1950s and 1960s? In the 1950s and 1960s houses, offices, schools, factories, and mines were all being developed Major building projects included the Trans-Canada Highway which placed 7821km of highway across Canada The St. Lawrence Seaway was opened and became the largest managed waterway in the world The Trans-Canada pipeline brought gas from Alberta to central Canada Canada's first underground subway was developed in Toronto The Quebec, North Shore and Labrador railway linked iron-mining regions in Quebec to the St. Lawrence River Explain why the smaller car makers went out of business in the 1950s and 1960s. Smaller car companies went out of business in the 1950s and 1960s as competition in the automotive industry was fierce. Every year companies would alter their styling, add new models, and offer more optional features to attract customers. Who were the Big Three?

4 The Big Three were the top automotive manufacturers in North America. They were General Motors, Ford, and Chrysler. What was the Automotive Products Agreement (Autpact)? The Autopact was signed by Canada and the United States in 1965 to create a single North American market for passenger cars, trucks, buses, tires, and automotive parts. The Autopact was a limited free trade agreement that allowed car and car-parts companies to import parts and vehicles from either country without paying import taxes. After the agreement, plants in each country specialized in the production of particular vehicles and models. What was the Auropact designed to do? The Autopact was designed to lower production costs through more efficient production of fewer lines of vehicles and by removing import taxes. The lowered cost would mean that the price on vehicles would go down. The Autopact ended the trend of each auto plant producing a complete range of cars and trucks. What new consumer products were people buying in the 1950s and 1960s? What was the result of this? New consumer products available included: 1950s: Refrigerators Record players Black and white televisions Late 1950s and 1960s: Dishwashers Colour televisions Hi-fidelity and later stereo systems 8mm movie cameras Portable transistor radios As a result of these products, employment in the service industry grew. Many people became employed in malls and plazas. List evidence that the growth in mining was directly related to military production. Growth in mining was related to military production as minerals such as titanium and aluminum were used to make aircraft and uranium was used to make atomic weapons. For example, Uranium City in Saskatchewan was built on a undeveloped site and its economy was tied to the uranium mining around the town. Did Canada develop its own nuclear weapons? No. Canada did not develop her own nuclear weapons. However, Canadian scientists worked for nuclear weapons research in the United States.

5 Why was the Atomic Energy of Canada Limited (AECL) created in 1952? The Atomic Energy of Canada Limited was created to focus on the use of nuclear energy for peaceful purposes such as nuclear reactors for electricity and radiation treatment for cancer. What was one of its biggest projects? One of the AECL's biggest projects was the development of the CANDU (Canadian deuterium uranium reactor) nuclear reactor. The CANDU was considered safe and efficient and exported across the world. Discuss the significance of Radar Defence Systems developed in Canada during the Cold War. Between 1949 and 1957, 3 radar lines were constructed in Canada's North to provide advance warning of a Soviet bomber or missile attack against North America. The first radar line was the Pinetree Line completed in 1954, 22 of its 34 stations were built by Americans. The Mid-Canada line was constructed by Canadians. The DEW (Distant Early Warning) line was built in Canada contributed $300M to the construction of the DEW Lines, even though it was mostly financed by Americans. Discuss the significance of the Avro Arrow. The Avro Arrow supersonic military aircraft was developed in Canada at a cost of $400M. It was designed to defend Canada if she was attacked by the Soviet Union. Although the Arrow was one of the fastest and most sophisticated fighter planes at that time, very little international interest was shown. In 1958 Canada signed a defenceproduction sharing agreement with the US. In this agreement, Canada would buy American Bomarc missiles to defend Canada's skies. In 1959, the Diefenbaker government canceled the project. The results were devastating as partially completed Arrows and parts for the aircraft were destroyed workers were laid off, many of which moved to the US seeking jobs. Economic Problems By 1957 the initial postwar boom stalled Export markets declined as economies of Germany, Britain, France and Japan recovered In 1956, the Treaty of Rome created the European Common Market (ECM), this organization raised tariffs on Canadian products At the same time American wheat surpluses drove wheat prices down which hurt Canadian farmers Unemployment rose to about 7% which was almost twice the average of the previous 10 years This unemployment was due to rising immigration, migration from rural areas to cities, increasing numbers of women entering the workplace full time In response to economic downturn, PM Diefenbaker tried job creation winter work projects and put money until building the Trans-Canada highway and talked

6 about opening roads in the North the economic impact was minimal James Coyne (governor of the Bank of Canada) believed Canada had to accept a period of economic recession or downturn Increased bank interests rates to encourage investors to put money into Canadians bonds and accounts unfortunately this meant that Canadians would have to pay more for mortgages and personal loans it had improvement Diefenbaker disagreed with Coyne and dismissed him Another problem was the unfavourable balance of trade Canadians paid more to buy imported goods than they received from Canadian exports In 1962 Diefenbaker devaluated the Canadian dollar to $0.92 With foreign money now worth more, Americans and Europeans would be able to buy Canadian goods more cheaply This devaluation led to the defeat of Diefenbaker's Conservatives in the 1963 federal election Labour Relations 1950s and 1960s were difficult years for unions Expectation of higher wages lied to a wave of strikes in manufacturing and primary industries in These strikes resulted in an increase of about 30% for manufacturing workers between 1945 and 1950 Industrial Relations Disputes Act of 1948 restricted the right to strike and limited union negotiations to wages In 1949 there was a violent 5 month strike in Asbestos, Quebec by miners, Premier Maurice Duplessis even sent in provincial police to protect the replacement workers sent in by the company In 1956, two major labour organizations merged together, the Trades and Labour Congress and the Canadian Congress of Labour became the Canadian Labour Congress and represented 80% of all union members In the late 1960s a new union militancy emerged, unions now included federal and provincial civil servants, office workers and service industry employers There was an increasing number of worker days lost to strikes and lockouts American Investment In 1962 the Canadian economy recovered due to the devaluation of the dollar and growing American investment In 1957 more than 75% of foreign investment was American In the 1960s Americans owned over 90% of Canadian industries in critical areas (ie petroleum and automobile production) Branch plants sprang up which were subsidiaries of companies whose headquarters was in the United States The danger was that there was a loss of control over the economy to Americans and large sums of money from branch plants went to the US Diefenbaker introduced tax incentives which benefited Canadian based industry but excluded American branch plants

7 Diefenbaker also developed trade with Cuba and the Soviet Union which were two Cold War enemies of America Diefenbaker's successor Lester Pearson appointed Walter Grodon as Minister of Finance Gordon proposed a takeover tax on businesses sold to Americans and legislation was passed to protect Canadian banks and other financial agencies from American takeover Economic Change Family farm way of life was beginning to disappear There was a 40% decline in the fishing industry from 1951 to 1961 many fishermen gave up their own small businesses and turned to large scale commercial fishing on the Grand Banks In 1964 the Canadian government extended the 9 mile limit in which the government would enforce fishing regulations to a 12 mile limit Overfishing by large foreign trawlers was almost impossible to control The traditional lifestyles of Canadian Native peoples was disrupted by the development of Canada's North Louis St. Laurent ( ) Governing the Nation Uncle Louis was a gentle and kind natured man who believed in prosperity and unity St. Laurent played a strong role in encouraging Newfoundland to enter Confederation He promoted the development of natural resources like oil, potash, nickel, and iron industries Zinc and copper mining helped to make Canada one of the leading exporters of raw materials by the end of the 1950s St. Laurent created projects to unify the country like the St. Lawrence Seaway, Trans-Canada highway, and the Trans-Canada natural gas pipeline Unfortunately, American investment grew enormously under his leadership St. Laurent strongly disliked Communism and he promoted the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) as a defence against the Soviet Union St. Laurent led Canada through the Korean War The Nation Completed March 31, 1949 During the early 1900s Newfoundland and Labrador remained dependent on the fishing industry They faced bankruptcy during the Depression The economy improved during World War Two when Canadian and American military bases were established there Credit for having Newfoundland enter Confederation goes to Joey Smallwood

8 who was a journalist, trade unionist, and farmer In 1948, the people of newfoundland and Labrador voted in a referendum Their choices were: Keep the status quo (commissioned government of British officials) Return to pre-1934 self governing dominion of Britain Smallwood with PM St. Laurent's encouragement organized a large petition demanding Confederation with Canada be included as a third option The British complied with the request The results Confederation came in second but no choice won a clear majority A second referendum was held Confederation won the majority On March 31, 1949 Newfoundland and Labrador became Canada's 10 th province Smallwood won the first provincial election and remained premier until January 1972 John Diefenbaker ( ) In 1957 Diefenbaker's Conservatives defeated the Liberals whom they accused of selling out to American big business and allowing American influence in Canadian policy and culture The 1958 election was the first televised election campaign Diefenbaker and the Progressive Conservatives won 208 seats which was the largest majority government to date The Liberals had 49 seats, CCF had 8 This was the first time in Canadian history that the Conservatives won a majority in Quebec Diefenbaker was known as Dief the Chief - he was a powerful and emotional speaker Diefenbaker believed in Macdonald's vision of a united country from East to West Diefenbaker added to this vision and believed that Canada's northern resources should be developed along with job creation Diefenbaker was a champion for the underdog and believed in prosperity for all Canadians, not just the rich Diefenbaker introduced old age pensions, disability pensions, war vets pensions, and aid to Prairie farmers and the Atlantic provinces Diefenbaker brought in a Canadian Bill of Rights which guaranteed all Canadians freedom of speech, worship and assembly regardless of race, ethnic origin, or sex Lester Pearson ( ) 1963 election: Liberals 129, Conservatives 95, Social Credit 24, NDP 17 (in 1961 the CCF allied with the Canadian Labour Congress to create the New Democratic Party) Pearson was skilled in diplomacy, he illustrated this as Minister of External Affairs during the 1956 Suez Crisis for which he was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1957 Pearson wanted to improve French English relations in Canada In 1963 Pearson appointed a Royal Commission on Bilingualism and

9 Biculturalism, this commission was to inquire as to what steps should be taken to develop Canadian Confederation on a basis of equal partnership between the two founding races The report showed inequalities that French Canadians suffered in the civil service work world and in schools outside of Quebec Pearson also tried to improve federal provincial relations, he was able to provide the provinces with more money and arranged joint or shared cost programs ie he introduced the Canada Pension Plan and Medicare The Quebec government opposed giving any of its provincial control to the federal government In 1965 Pearson passed legislation that allowed any province to opt out of existing or new joint programs and still receive the equivalent federal contribution in cash English speaking Canadians opposed this believing that it would weaken the federal government Pearson thought it was necessary to maintain good relations with Quebec The flag debate: Pearson believed that we needed to develop national symbols to strengthen the Canadian identity Many English speaking Canadians opposed the removal of the Red Ensign which included the Union Jack and was indicative of our symbolic tie with Britain, they believed that the new flag was intended to please French Canadians On December 15, 1964 at 0230 a single red maple leaf design was accepted but it did not officially become the flag until February, 1965 Pierre Elliot Trudeau ( ) Trudeau was a former justice minister under Pearson who introduced reforms to the penal code and to divorce laws Trudeaumania swept the country as he was a charismatic leader Trudeau believed in a strong federal government to keep the nation united, he argued that Quebec should not be able to opt out of federal provincial programs Trudeau believed that the way to defeat the separatist movement in Quebec was by making Canada truly bilingual and bicultural Trudeau passed the Official Languages Act in 1969 by which both English and French were the official languages of Canada Civil servants were encouraged to become bilingual and provinces were encouraged to extend French language education Trudeau also implemented income tax cuts and improved benefits for the poor and elderly

10 The Rights Of The People Which groups of Canadians struggled to gain civil rights in the 1950s and 1960s? Canadian blacks, Jews, Natives, and other minorities struggled to gain civil rights during the 1950s and 1960s. Make a list of civil rights legislation passed from 1944 to : Racial Discrimination Act passed in Ontario. This was the first time when it was stated that racial and religious discrimination were not acceptable 1947: The first Bill of Rights was passed in Saskatchewan, it protected from free speech to the right of assembly and association 1951: Fair Employment Practices Act passed in Ontario 1954: Fair Accommodation Practices Act passed in Ontario 1960: The first Canadian Bill of Rights was passed by the Diefenbaker government, this bill underlined rights given to all Canadians 1963: A Bill of Rights was passed in Nova Scotia 1965: A Bill of Rights was passed in Alberta What types of discrimination were these acts intended to overcome? These acts were intended to overcome discrimination based on colour, religion, and ethnic background in government and public places. How effective were they? They were not effective because they were not enforced heavily enough. For example, offenders of Saskatchewan's Bill of Rights faced a maximum fine of only $50. What did the Ontario government create in order to strengthen its human rights legislation and what power did this organization have? The Ontario government created the Ontario Human Rights Commission (OHRC) in 1961 to strengthen human rights legislation. The OHRC had the power to investigate complaints, arbitrate disputes, and award settlements. What problems did Native people endure? Native people faced much discrimination during the 1950s and 1960s. Aboriginal incomes were a fraction of those of other Canadians, living conditions on reserves were horrible, which resulted in lowered health standards. What changes were made to the Indian Act in 1951? The changes made to the Indian Act in 1951 gave Native people more rights, such as the right to perform ceremonies. Tribal leaders were also given more control over decisions on the reserves; even though the Department of Indian Affairs could overrule their decisions Explain the crisis which occurred in 1969 and the response to it. A crisis developed in 1969 when PM Trudeau wanted to eliminate the special status of

11 Natives and suggested an elimination of the Indian Act. Natives disagreed and created the National Indian Brotherhood. Natives wanted self government and to maintain their culture. What did women gain with regards to pay equity? Women achieved a limited amount of success for pay equity. In 1951, the Ontario government passed the Female Employees Fair Renumeration Act and by the end of the 1950s, all provinces except for Quebec and Newfoundland and Labrador passed similar legislation. However, pay equity existed only on paper and there were gaps in practice. The issue of equal pay for equal work was not addressed until decades after the 1950s. In 1956, pay equity for women in the federal civil service was passed by the federal government. What did the suffragettes gain for women? Suffragettes had gained women the right to vote and hold elected office. What did the Women's Liberation Movement focus upon? The Women's Liberation Movement focused on achieving changes in the workplace and a larger voice in politics for women. What is sex role stereotyping? Sex role stereotyping is the belief that women could only fulfill certain roles in society. What was the purpose of the Royal Commission on the Status of Women? The purpose of the Royal Commission on the Status of Women, established on February 19, 1967 by the Pearson government, was to ensure equality for women in all areas of Canadian society. The Commission would recommend the steps which needed to be taken to ensure this equality. It was chaired by Florence Bird, the first woman to chair a royal commission. La Survivance Quebec In Canada During The 1950s and 1960s In 1760, the French colony we now know as Quebec was conquered by the British and became part of the British Empire and eventually part of Canada A major issue for Quebeckers was la survivance; the survival of their language, religion, culture, and separate identity Je me souviens (I remember) became their cry; remembering the struggle to maintain their separate identity Two centuries following the British conquest, the foundation of la survivance has been the French language and the Roman Catholic religion Politics from 1944 to 1959 were dominated by Maurice Duplessis and his Union Nationale worked to create French-Canadian nationalism Under Duplessis, Quebec won the right to opt out of federal-provincial programs but still receive an equivalent amount of money from the federal government He was seen as the protector of Quebec against communism and trade unions

12 Economically, Duplessis encouraged American, British, and English Canadian investment The result was that much of the postwar boom in Quebec industry and business was dominated by English Canadian and foreign investors and French Canadians needed to speak English in order to gain employment Duplessis allied with conservative groups, like the Roman Catholic Church, who did not want change The Church encouraged French youths to study classics (religion and the humanities) to protect French culture and did not encourage training needed to be technicians, businessmen, and scientists Consequently, French Canadians standard of living was 10% lower than the average Canadian and 20% lower than those in Ontario Trudeau and Gerard Pelletier (a journalist) created a new journal Cite Libre that challenged Duplessis Andre laurendeau editor of Le Devoir also challenged Duplessis by attacking his connection to American and British businesses and calling for an independent Quebec More criticism came from Rene Levesque (a broadcast journalist) and Jean Marchand (a union leader) The Quiet Revolution In 1960 the Liberal Party led by Jean Lesage defeated the Union Nationale The new government promoted pride in French Canadian language, literature, and tradition and worked to modernize Quebec's industry The government took the education system away from the Church and radically reformed it they trained young people to become leaders in business and commerce The province took control of hospitals Social legislation, progressive labour laws, and political reforms were passed The government took steps to take control of the economy early 1960s ie nationalized electrical production making Hydro Quebec the largest electrical utility in Canada There was a new attitude and slogan, Maitres chez nous (masters in our own house) Many French Canadians argued that Quebec was a nation with its own culture, history, language, institutions and government Maurice Rocket Richard The Monreal Canadiens provided Quebec with a source of pride in the National Hockey League (NHL) Maurice Rocket Richard was the star player on the team Richard began playing in and in he scored 50 goals in 50 games He was the first player to score 500 goals Richard and the Canadiens won the Stanley Cup 5 times in a row in the late 1950s Richard was suspended by NHL president Clarence Campbell and banned from the playoffs in late 1955 because he hit an opposing player with his stick and struck a linesman This enraged Canadiens fans

13 When Campbell attended the next game in the Montreal hockey arena (the Forum), he was threatened, the game was stopped, and a riot broke out in the arena and surrounding area Many Quebeckers saw Richard's suspension as discrimination against a francophone hockey player by an anglophone boss This riot showed the devotion of Quebeckers to the Canadiens and to Richard Separatist Movement Argument interests of Quebec and Canada are not the same English Canadians in Quebec feared their privileged position in the province's economy was being threatened by changes In 1963 the Front de Liberation du Quebec (FLQ) was created Their goal was to achieve independence for Quebec by any means including terrorism First identified itself by publishing a manifesto with the slogan Independence or death Throughout the 1960s, the FLQ planted bombs in government buildings and in mailboxes in English speaking sections of Montreal The Armee de Liberation du Quebec was a more extreme group which robbed banks to finance their actions Union Nationale and Parti Quebecois In 1966, a re-organized Union Nationale came to power in Quebec Their leader was Daniel Johnson he called for equality and more independence from the federal government To achieve equality demanded a special place in Confederation in which Quebec would have more control over its own economy and a right to deal with foreign governments on cultural issues In 1968 there was a mood of separation Rene Levesque led the Parti Quebecois and believed that separation achieved by peaceful negotiation with the remainder of Canada was the answer to Quebec's problems The plan for separation was based on sovereignty association in which Quebec would become an independent country politically but would maintain strong economic ties with Canada In 1968 PM Trudeau passed the Official Languages Act and poured money into Quebec as well as other poor provinces to encourage economic development and develop a better standard of living Trudeau hoped that this would undermine the nationalist movement in Quebec Trudeau was not prepared to change the balance of federal-provincial powers or give Quebec special status in Confederation Charles de Gaulle and Quebec Patriotism French President Charles de Gaulle visited Montreal during the World Fai, Expo '67. de Gaulle gave a speech praising Quebec and ended it with the words, Vive Montreal!

14 Vive Quebec! Vive le Quebec libre! Vive le Canada francais! Vive la France!. Prime Minister Pearson was furious that de Gaulle was supporting Quebec separatism. de Gaulle soon realized Pearson's anger and cancelled the rest of his Canadian trip. Canada and the Cold War The Cold War describes the international relations between democratic countries of the West and communist countries of the East from 1945 to 1989 The US was the most powerful of the Western bloc while the Soviet Union was the most powerful in the Eastern bloc The West feared communist countries led by the Soviet Union would try to seize more countries in Europe and impose their political system on them The Soviets were determined to maintain a buffer between its borders and those of Western Europe What philosophy was to govern Canadian foreign policy throughout much of the Cold War? Canadian foreign policy was governed by the idea that the United Nations was not strong enough to stop communism from spreading and that only the United States could stop communism. This meant that Canada had to maintain close ties with America and her Truman Doctrine (named after President Truman), which stated that communism must be contained to prevent it from spreading across the world. What organization did PM St. Laurent propose on April 19, 1948 and what was its purpose? St. Laurent proposed an organization of Western nations to protect the West against communist aggression. This organization was known as the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) and was formed one year following St. Laurent's proposal. NATO was a defensive alliance, meaning that an attack on one member would mean an attack on all the members. Who were the founding members of this organization? Canada United States Britain France What was Canada's initial commitment to this organization? Canada's commitment would be to send an army brigade to be stationed in Germany and an air force division to be stationed in France. What was significant about this action? This was the first time that Canada had sent military forces abroad during peacetime. What was the response to this activity? The Soviet Union responded to NATO by forming the Warsaw Pact in 1955 with other communist nations in Eastern Europe. Only Yugoslavia did not join the communist pact.

15 Describe the different political systems of the US and the Soviet Union. Soviet Union United States Political System Totalitarian state. The needs of the whole country are more important than the needs of individuals. Decisions are made by a few people. elections Economic System Communism is a system where the state controls the economic system. Individual citizens cannot own private property. Democratic state. The needs of the country are important but individuals are important too. Decisions are made by all people through free Capitalism is a system where individuals control the economy and can own property. What was one of the main features of the Cold War? One of the main features was the nuclear arms race between the United States and its allies and the Soviet Union and its allies. These superpowers had discovered nuclear energy which could be developed into bombs or missile warheads capable of causing unheard of destruction. Explain the term balance of power. Balance of power is an even distribution of military and economic power among nations and groups of nations. The balance of power during the Cold War discouraged one side from attacking the other. Explain the term arms race. An arms race is a military competition or buildup of arms between countries. Each of the superpowers tried to produce more advanced weapons than the other to maintain the balance of power. What was the purpose of NORAD? Include the new name by which the organization is known. The purpose of the North American Air Defence System (NORAD), formed in 1957 by Canada and the US, was to detect Soviet intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs) and bombers armed with nuclear weapons attacking North America. NORAD would provide an early warning using a complex line of radar stations. It was renamed North American Aerospace Defence Command in Explain the significance of the Cuban Missile Crisis and the reason that it caused tension between Canada and the US. In October 1962, the American government had aerial photographs showing that the Soviet Union had placed missiles in Cuba, a communist ally, which was only 140km from the American coast. America became alarmed and placed a naval and aerial blockade around Cuba to prevent Soviet ships carrying weapons from reaching the island. This tension brought the superpowers to the edge of a nuclear war. This tension was relieved when Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev promised to remove the missiles from

16 Cuba if America promised not to invade the island. During the crisis, America asked her allies to support America's stand and many national allied to America placed their armed forces on high alert. PM Diefenbaker, however, was displeased that America did not inform Canada of the blockade she placed on Cuba ahead of time (this was against the NORAD agreement). As such, Diefenbaker was slow in placing Canada's forces on alert and when he finally did, the crisis was almost over. Many Americans and Canadians were outraged with this slow response. How did the Cold War affect the lives of everyday Canadians? The Cold War affected Canadians as many lived in constant fear of a nuclear war. Many schools had air raid drills and citizens build bomb shelters to protect against attack. What was VOW? The Voice of Women (VOW) was formed in 1960 by Lotta Dempsey who reported on the failed 1960 Paris Peace Conference for the Toronto Star. The purpose of VOW was to bring about nuclear disarmament. What is detente? What agreement was made in 1968? Detente is a French word meaning easing of tensions. The fear of global destruction through nuclear weapons following the resolution of the Cuban Missile Crisis led to talks between America and the Soviet Union. In 1968 the nuclear powers agreed not to help other countries develop nuclear weapons. Igor Gouzenko Igor Gouzenko was a cipher clerk working in the Soviet Embassy in Ottawa. In September 1945, Gouzenko asked for political assylum in return for handing over documents to the Canadian government which proved the Soviet Union was operating two spy rings in Canada. Canadian officials did not believe Gouzenko until Soviet agents were sent to arrest him. The agents were arrested and Gouzenko and his family were placed in protective custody. Most Canadians became outraged with Gouzenko's information as the Soviet Union was still considered an ally of Canada. Gouzenko lived the rest of his life in protective custody. He published a momoir entitled This Was My Choice in 1948 and wrote a novel entitled The Fall of a Titan which was honoured with the 1954 Governor General's Award. Growth in Nuclear Warheads ( ) Year United States Soviet Union

17 The Berlin Wall Berlin was located 180km inside of the Soviet occupied section of Germany. Berlin, although deep in Soviet territory, was divided between the post war superpowers (United States, Britain, France, and the Soviet Union). In 1961, the Soviets built a concrete wall between East Berlin (controlled by the Soviet Union) and West Berlin (controlled by the Western powers). The wall was 2.5 to 3.65m tall and also incorporated barbed wire and was backed by anti-tank barriers and other obstacles. The wall was guarded by communist soldiers. This barrier divided many German families as communist Germany was able to control who entered and the wall prevented the population from leaving. The wall was eventually torn down on November 10, It's destruction signified the end of the Cold War. From League of Nations to United Nations The United Nations (UN) was created in April 1945 when 50 nations met in San Francisco Unlike the League of Nations, all the major powers became members Lester Pearson, Canada's ambassador to the UN argued that Canada was a middle power whose voice should be heard In 1948 Canada received a seat on the Security Council and Brock Chrisholm (an Ontario doctor) was made the first head of the World Health Organization The goals of the UN were for nations to work collectively to bring an end to war, encourage co-operation among nations, improve the standard of living for all nations, and promote basic human rights UN oversees organizations such as UNICEF (United Nations Children's Emergency Fund), WHO (World Health Organization), ILO (International Labour Organization) and UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization Canada's most dramatic role in the United Nations is peacekeeping (ie separation of hostile forces, maintaining uneasy truces, and getting food and medical supplies to those in need) United Nations Universal Declaration on Human Rights: 1948 All humans are born free and equal Everyone has the right to life, liberty, and freedom from fear and violence Everyone has the right to protection under the law without discrimination No one shall be subjected to arbitrary arrest, detention, or exile Everyone has the right to a fair and public trial Everyone charged with a penal offence has the right to be assumed innocent until proved guilty No one shall be subjected to arbitrary interference with their privacy, family, home, or correspondence, nor to attacks on their reputation Everyone has the right to freedom of movement within their country and abroad Everyone has the right to a nationality

18 Adults have the right to marry and found a family regardless of race or religion Both men and women are entitled to equal rights in marriage and divorce Everyone has the right to own property. No one should be arbitrarily deprived of their property Everyone has the right to freedom of thought, conscience, and religion and the right to express their opinion both privately and publicly Everyone has the right to attend meetings and join associations No one should be forced to join an association Everyone has the right to work, and to just and favourable conditions of employment Everyone has the right to equal pay for equal work Everyone has the right to fair pay to enable them and their family to live with selfrespect Everyone has the right to join a trade union Everyone has the right to rest and leisure, including reasonable working hours and holidays with pay Everyone has the right to a standard of living adequate for their health and well-being, including housing, medical care, and social security in the event of unemployment, sickness, widowhood, and old age Everyone has the right to an education Everyone has the right to enjoy the cultural life of the community and to share in its scientific advancements and benefits Everyone has duties to the community to ensure the full recognition and respect for the rights and freedoms of others Structure of the United Nations: 1945 General Assembly Made up of representatives from all member-states Each member has one vote Discusses international issues Creates subcommittees that write policies and investigate concerns Security Council Consists of 5 permanent members (Britain, France, United States, Soviet Union/Russia, and China) and 10 elected members who are elected by the General Assembly for a two-year term; each of the 5 permanent members may veto Security Council decisions Orders sanctions Creates new peacekeeping missions Economic and Social Council Elected by the General Assembly for 3 years Handles aid to needy countries Addresses health, scientific, and cultural issues Trusteeship Council Members are appointed by the General Assembly

19 Responsible for administering territories that have not yet gained independence Secretariat Headed by the secretary-general, elected by the General Assembly for a 5 year term Preserves records and carries out the orders of the executive International Court of Justice (World Court) Consists of 15 judges elected for 9 year terms, with one third retiring every 3 years; no country can have more than one judge on the bench at a time Rules on disputes are voluntarily submitted by member states which are bound to accept ruling Korean War In 1948 the Korean peninsula was divided into North Korea (communist influenced and supported by the Soviet Union) and South Korea (supported by the US until a democratic election could be called) On June 25, 1950 North Korea invaded South Korea South Korea appealed to the UN and the Security Council created a resolution declaring the North as aggressors (Soviets were absent from the Security Council and so they could not use their veto powers) North Korea refused to withdraw and a UN force of 32 countries led by the US was sent to aid South Korea The Korean War lasted from 1950 to Canadians served in Korea 7000 or more served from the 1953 ceasefire until Canadians died and 1000 were wounded 3100 of those that served were from Quebec the Korean War did not cause national disunity like the First and Second World Wars Suez Crisis In 1956 there was a crisis in the Middle East President Nasser of Egypt seized control of the Suez Canal from a British and French company The canal was the busiest inter-ocean waterway in the world 70% of the total tonnage consisted of tankers carrying petroleum products Briain and France joined Israel in attacking Egypt to regain control of the canal The Soviet Union declared support for Egypt which raised the possibility of war Lester Pearson suggested a solution the formation of UNEF (United Nations Emergency Task Force) that would take up positions between combatants and keep them apart until a settlement could be reached This plan awarded Pearson the Nobel Peace Prize in 1957 Cyprus In 1964 there was a power struggle between the Greek majority and the Turkish

20 minority on the island of Cyprus This threatened to become war In March 1964 Canadians were sent to Cyprus as part of a 3 month UN peacekeeping force 30 years later, the war torn island was no closer to a peace settlement Peacekeeping was successful in the sense that it helped to minimize the loss of life It did become an expensive operation for Canada Canada had to pay the cost of our troops, which amounted to about $600M and 30 Canadians lost their lives In September 1993 the last of the Canadian troops committed to the 3 month operation were removed Living in Canada in the 1950s and the 1960s Technological developments of the 1950s and 1960s became the basis of today's lifestyles Two technological symbols were the car and the television Telephones, radios, and televisions became common Refrigerators replaced iceboxes and modern stoves and fridges were available Houses were centrally heated by oil, gas, and electricity More Canadians owned cars and air travel was more common In the 1950s telephones had a line shared between several households called a party line In the 1960s modern communication included satellites Canada was the 3 rd nation to have a satellite in space and the first to use satellites for communications within its own territory Alouette I was Canada's first satellite and was launched in 1962 by the American National Space and Aeronautics Agency (NASA) Television In the late 1940s television was an expensive novelty In 1948 an average TV cost $650 and the average monthly wage was only $200 There was no Canadian broadcasting and only a few American stations were available to those living close to the border In 1954 Canadians purchased 1 million TVs In the 1960s, most families could afford TVs and watching them became a favourite past time In 1964 the CBC had 110 stations and served 87% of Canadian homes with televisions Television helped Canadians to learn about different parts of their country and brought the country together The most popular Canadian shows were: Hockey Night in Canada, Front Page Challenge (a quiz show), Country Hoe-Down with Tommy Hunter, and the comedy of Wayne and Shuster TV changed living and social patterns early televisions were bulky and had to be rearranged so that everyone could see and dinner times were scheduled around the evening news

21 The development of frozen TV dinners meant that meals could be eaten in front of the TV Since adults stayed home to watch TV, many movie houses were forced to close, attendance at sporting events decreased, and newspapers lost advertising revenue Percentage of Canadian Households With Televisions Cars Year 1 TV (%) 2 + TVs (%) Total % In the 1950s car styling changed Cars now had fins, were painted in bright two tone or three tone colours and were loaded with chrome trim Almost each year there was a styling change options such as automatic transmissions, power steering, and push button radios became available A car became a status symbol the arrival of the first new model each year became a major event In the 1960s compact and medium size cars were produced in addition to full sized cars The main selling feature of cars was horsepower the sixties brought muscle cars (medium sized cars with large engines) The pony cars, named after Ford's Mustang which was produced in 1964, were small cars which were sporty and had plenty of performance Most Canadians preferred to buy domestic cars although some did purchase foreign vehicles like the VW Beetle Explain how the youth subculture influenced Canadian society in the 1950s and 1960s. Include information about fashion and music. Canadian society was influenced by the youth subculture as young people adopted unique clothing styles like black T-shirts, jeans and leather jackets (motorcycle look) or V-neck sweaters, white blouses, pleated skirts, cotton pants, and knee high socks (collegiate look). In the 1960s, changes to clothing included long hair for both males and females, bright colours, and psychedelic patterns, flower prints, beads, and bell bottom jeans. In addition to this hippie look, styles were adopted from the British Invasion which included page boy hair cuts, miniskirts (later maxi-skirts) for females and tight safari or sports jackets for males. Music included rock and roll songs by stars like Elvis Presley. Music was included on

22 television stations which played programs like the Ed Sullivan Show. Radio stations played the Top 40 rock and roll songs and 45 records were sold (45s were small, single records that turned at 45 revolutions per minute). Most rock and roll stars were American, but Canadian performers like The Diamonds and Paul Anka were also famous. Popular songs included Little Darlin, The Stroll, Diana and Lonely Boy. In the 1960s, popularity turned to the British Invasion and British musicians like The Beatles, The Animals, and the Rolling Stones. Canadian musicians David Clayton Thomas, Neil Young, and The Band were also popular as were folk songs by Canadian stars like Gordon Lightfoot, Ian and Sylvia Tyson, and Joni Mitchell. The music of the 1950s and 1960s was associated with young people as their parents and grandparents were shocked by the lifestyles of rock stars. The music of the 1960s was about free speech, free love, and drugs. Some of the music was meant to protest pollution, materialism, and American involvement in the Vietnam War. What was meant by the Establishment? The Establishment was the name given to the people who controlled the government and the economy due to their wealth and status. How did attitudes change in the 1950s and 1960s? Traditional values regarding the place of women in society changed. Values were more liberal and it was acceptable for both men and women to relax in bars and lounges. Restaurants could serve alcoholic beverages and a poll showed that 2/3s of Canadians drank alcohol. New music styles, hair styles, and clothing styles developed. The topic of sex was more open in books, movies, songs, and language. A number of Canadians turned away from established religions. Some Canadians also took to protesting for free speech, equal rights for Canadians and equal rights for Black Canadians and other minorities. There were also political marches protesting the Cold War, nuclear testing, and the arms race. Summarize how Canadian society changed in the 1960s. PM Trudeau stated, the state has no business in the nation's bedrooms This meant that the government felt that Canadians should have more control over their own private lives Courts softened laws on obscenity, and Parliament passed laws softening their stance on abortions, homosexuality, and divorce Many women began to use birth control The number of common-law relationships increased and the divorce rate increased Canadians questioned their alliance with the United States The Quebec separatist movement caused many to wonder about the future of Canada Canadians listened to critics of the government and warned about the dangers of pollution and overpopulation New thinkers like Marshall McLuhan focused on the power of the media and created new terms like global village Canadian consumption contributed to economic growth Many Canadians were affluent Fast food restaurants and credit cards became popular