Grade 9 Social Studies. Chapter 8 Canada in the World

Transcription

1 Grade 9 Social Studies Chapter 8 Canada in the World

2 The Cold War The Cold War between the Soviet Union and the United States was a half century of military build-up, political manoeuvring for international support, and behind-thescenes military assistance for allies and satellite nations that began in the late 1940s and continued into the early 1990s.

3 Both sides of the conflict wanted to avoid direct military action because of the threat of mutual nuclear destruction. During this time period, situations occurred that threatened to bring open war, including the Berlin Airlift ( ), the Korean Conflict ( ), the Cuban Missile Crisis (1962), the Vietnam War ( ), and the Afghan Invasion ( ).

4 In December 1989, Soviet President Mikhail Gorbachev and U.S. President George Bush officially ended the Cold War at a summit in Malta, but tensions between the two superpowers lingered for years.

5 Two Hostile Camps United States Canada Great Britain Nations in Western Europe The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) Communist countries of Eastern Europe

6 Causes of the Cold War 1) Ideology different ideas and values about political and economic systems Each side believed their system was superior and should be spread around the world The US believed in a democratic and capitalistic system. The USSR believed in a totalitarian and communist system.

7 Political System Economic System United States Democratic Free and fair elections Personal freedoms Capitalist Private ownership of business and industry Operated for profit Soviet Union Totalitarian Control by only one political party Devoted to empowering working people Communist Government ownership or control of business and industry

8 2) Soviet Union Actions Soviet troops remained in some countries they had liberated at the end of the war to promote communism. They annexed the Baltic countries of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania The USA strongly disagreed with this.

9 The United States saw Stalin s moves as a threat to their peace and security. The Soviet Union believed it needed protection from the west and knew that their system of government was opposed to by the west.

10 The Soviet Union established Satellite States in East Germany, Poland and Czechoslovakia as a buffer against the west. Satellite State a country that is independent in theory, but is actually controlled by a more powerful country.

11 Iron Curtain metaphor used during the Cold War to describe the boundary between communist and non communist countries in Europe.

12 3)The Arms Race USA and Soviet Union increasing their weapon base, trying to keep ahead of the other, created fear and suspicion in both countries.

13 Conflicts of the Cold War page 131

14 Canada and its involvement in NATO The North Atlantic Treaty Organization was formed in 1949 because of the concerns about the spreading of communism. Canada was a founding member. NATO was designed to provide collective security. Collective security makes the members of an alliance more secure because all members are pledged to go to the aid of any member that is threatened or attacked.

15 In response to NATO the Soviet Union organized a rival military alliance of the communist countries of Eastern Europe in 1955, called the Warsaw Pact.

16 Significance of Canada joining NATO By joining NATO, Canada signalled it would play a role in world affairs. Due to this involvement, Canadian soldiers were stationed in Western Europe as part of NATO s defense system. The Canadian navy participated in Standing Naval Force Atlantic to ensure that shipping lanes in the Atlantic remained open and secure.

17 Canada s commitment to NATO did not conclude with the end of the Cold War in Canada remains active in the new NATO. NATO S focus is no longer on stopping the spread of communism. It has been redirected toward protecting ethnic minorities and preventing international terrorism.

18 Canada and the significance of NORAD During the Cold War, it became clear that Canada would be a key location if there were a war between the United States and the Soviet Union. The shortest attack route between the United States and the Soviet Union was across the Arctic Ocean through Canada s Far North. As a result, Canada and the United States agreed to cooperate in air defence.

19 a series of radar stations were built to provide early warning of any air strikes on North America. By the late 1950 s Canada and the United States had created: NORTH AMERICAN AIR DEFENCE COMMAND or NORAD.

20 As part of NORAD, a series of 63 radar stations (the Distant Early Warning (DEW) Line-)was built in the Canadian Arctic. Both U.S. and Canadian soldiers operated the stations. The radar stations officially closed since The NORAD alliance continues today, although the name was changed in 1981 to the North American Aerospace Defence Command.

21 Military alliances with the United States remain controversial. Some Canadians believed that the Americans would be making decisions about Canadian security In 1990:Canada participated in the first Gulf War against Iraq 2003: didn t participate in the second war against Iraq because it was not approved of by the United Nations.

22 Negative Effects of NORAD The lives of the Inuit were changed because many Inuit favoured jobs on the DEW Line instead of employment in traditional hunting economy. Wildlife patterns were significantly disrupted by the radar stations making hunting more difficult. After the construction was completed the jobs vanished but wildlife patterns remained disrupted.

23 Canada and the United Nations Military alliances were one way Canada sought peace and security. The other way was participation in the United Nations. In 1945 after the end of the Second World War, 50 nations met and created the UN.

24 The UN Charter established the following goals To work collectively to bring an end to war To encourage cooperation among nations To improve the standard of living in all nations To promote basic human rights

25 Canada s Role in the U.N. Lester B Pearson was elected as the president of the seventh regular session of the UN General Assembly (He later became Prime Minister of Canada). Brock Chisholm, a doctor from Ontario, was the first head of the World Health Organization, an agency of the UN. John Humphrey, a McGill law professor from Hampton, New Brunswick, created the original draft of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Canada supports the UN in many fields humanitarian, social, and economic. Perhaps our best-known contribution is as peacekeepers.

26 The Korean War: Page 138 The Suez Crisis: Page 138

27 Canada as Peacekeepers Most Canadians support Canada s role in peacekeeping for the following reasons: Canadian soldiers are well trained Canadians gain prestige and influence in the world by performing UN duty. At the same time, they can make a positive impact on other countries. Canada is a middle power, and peacekeeping is an appropriate job for middle powers. Canadians feel proud knowing they are behaving as good global citizens.

28 Canada and the World Canada takes a bilateral or multilateral approach to foreign affairs. Unilateral: Independent Bilateral: With one other country Multilateral: With other countries

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