READING GUIDE FERRARI APUSH PERIOD 4 ( )

Transcription

1 NAME: DUE: READING GUIDE FERRARI APUSH PERIOD 4 ( ) Tompkins High School KATY ISD

2 KEY CONCEPT NOTES: 30 pts. Period 4: CH 8, 9, 10, 11 Pages PERIOD 4 PART 1 [ ]: CH 8 PG (RQ: ) PERIOD 4 PART 1 [ ]: CH 9 PG (RQ: ) PERIOD 4 PART 2 [ ]: CH 10 PG (RQ: ) PERIOD 4 PART ]: CH 11 PG (RQ: ) Period 4 in a Nutshell: The new republic struggled to define and extend democratic ideals in the face of rapid economic, territorial, and demographic changes. Beginning & End Points: Revolution of 1800 to the end of the Mexican/American War Key Concept 4.1 The United States began to develop a modern democracy and celebrated a new national culture, while Americans sought to define the nation s democratic ideals and change their society and institutions to match them. I. The nation s transition to a more participatory democracy was achieved by expanding suffrage from a system based on property ownership to one based on voting by all adult white men, and it was accompanied by the growth of political parties. A) In the early 1800s, national political parties continued to debate issues such as the tariff, powers of the federal government, and relations with European powers. Jeffersonian Ideals Alien & Sedition Acts Midnight Appointments Internal taxes Size of the military Expansion of Presidential Power Embargo Act Federalists vs. Democratic Republicans Embargo Act Non-Intercourse Act War of 1812 War Hawks Hartford Convention Second Bank of the US (1816) Native American vs. Settler Conflict Florida acquisition Jeffersonians dedicated to reducing the powers of the federal government (allowed Alien and Sedition Acts, Bank of the United States to lapse; removed forty of Federalist midnight appointments ; abolished all internal taxes, including the dreaded Whiskey Rebellion tax; reduced size of army; Treasury Secretary Albert Gallatin lowered national debt in half, cut ties with Hamiltonian elites) Jeffersonians, somewhat hypocritically, expanded the power of the federal government through the disaster of the Embargo Act of 1807, and the smashing success of the Louisiana Purchase (which then drove the Federalists in New England and New York to ponder secession in the Essex Junto of 1804, which led to Aaron Burr joining them, and then dueling with Alexander Hamilton got milk? Federalists saw their power seriously threatened by new states in West and South that would almost certainly be Jeffersonian) Jefferson was pro-french, until issue of New Orleans being blocked arose (Louisiana Purchase resolved this problem) Embargo Act, then Non-Intercourse Act, tried to ban and/or limit trade with Britain and France to try and stop them from interfering with American trade, as well as British impressment War of 1812 deeply opposed by Federalists, who wanted to keep trading with Britain, and definitely did NOT want war, despite interference with trade and impressment; Jeffersonian War Hawks were westerners who wanted the war to go grab Canada, kill western Indians (Tecumseh and his brother Temskwatawa), and grab Florida (voting records show it was a western war with eastern labels )

3 A) cont. Federalists blocked the War of 1812 in any way possible refused to make loans to the government, refused to commit militias, refused to support tariffs to finance war, even celebrated British victories at times Hartford Convention of 1814 toyed with secession, but instead proposed limiting the powers of the federal government (one term presidency, 60-day limit to trade embargoes, 2/3 vote to declare war, prohibit trade, or admit new states); Jackson s victory in New Orleans, and end of war, made them seem traitors Hamiltonian idea of protective tariff resurrected by Henry Clay in the aftermath of War of 1812; Tariff of 1816 (textiles) Second Bank of the United States created in 1816 by Henry Clay and James Madison because they d realized without a national bank, federal government couldn t run a war or economy effectively (Federalists ran the biggest state banks) Clay proposed internal improvements to expand infrastructure, but Madison vetoed on a strict interpretation, and suggested a constitutional amendment to allow them B) Supreme Court decisions established the primacy of the judiciary in determining the meaning of the Constitution and asserted that federal laws took precedence over state laws. Marbury v. Madison (1803) Fletcher v. Peck (1810) Dartmouth College v. Woodward (1819) McCulloch v. Maryland (1819) C) By the 1820s and 1830s, new political parties arose the Democrats, led, by Andrew Jackson, and the Whigs, led by Henry Clay that disagreed about the role and powers of the federal government and issues such as the national bank, tariffs, and federally funded internal improvements. Federalist Collapse Jeffersonian Democratic-Republicans Democrats Nationalist Republicans Whigs Division over Clay s American System Jackson s Hatred of Henry Clay Corrupt Bargain Jacksonian Democrats Common Man

4 Rise of the Whig Party (1834) Tariff Issues (Tariff of Abominations) Virginia & Kentucky Resolutions Nullification Crisis 2 nd Bank of the United States Jackson s hatred of the Bank Destruction of the Bank of the US Panic of 1837 & Pet Banks Henry Clay s endorsement of federally funded internal improvements Maysville Road Veto Use of the Spoil s System Election of 1840 C) cont.

5 C) cont. D) Regional interests often trumped national concerns as the basis for many political leaders positions on slavery and economic policy. National Interests War of 1812 Regional Interests Hartford Convention Regional Interests Nullification Crisis National Interests Formation of the Whig Party National Interests Peggy Eaton Scandal Regional (Personal) Interests Maysville Rd. & other internal improvements blocked Regional (Personal) Interests Jackson censure by Senate Regional Interests Slavery vs. Abolition Regional Interests Annexation of TX Regional (Local (interests) Political machines Regional (Personal) Interests Polk s Campaign slogan or fight!

6 II. While Americans embraced a new national culture, various groups developed distinctive cultures of their own. A) The rise of democratic and individualistic beliefs, a response to rationalism, and changes to society caused by the market revolution, along with greater social and geographical mobility, contributed to a Second Great Awakening among Protestants that influenced moral and social reforms and inspired utopian and other religious movements. Rise of the common man Democratically-oriented religions Baptists & Methodists Sentimentalism & Romanticism vs. Enlightenment values Market Rev. & Industrial Rev. = Luxury Goods Class-based society Economic Opportunity through education Second Great Awakening impact on social, political, & economic life. Anti-Catholic sentiment Charles Grandison Finney burned over district Utopian & Religious experiments Mormons Reform Mvts: sabbatarianism temperance, anti-prostitution, prison reform, insane asylums, orphanages, abolitionists, feminism Women work outside the home on reform mvts. Transcendentalism: Emerson, Thoreau, Fuller, Whitman Utopian Communities: Brook Farm, Oneida Community, Shakers, Mormons, Millerites, Fourierism, etc.

7 B) A new national culture emerged that combined American elements, European influences, and regional cultural sensibilities. Emphasis on individualism Social Mobility & Democracy New approaches to politics, religion, literature, & society American Transcendentalism Ralph Waldo Emerson Henry David Thoreau Margaret Fuller Walt Whitman Urban Culture popular culture emerged (minstrelsy, melodrama, popular songs [Stephen Foster] & immigrants added more languages and foods Manifest Destiny Newspapers Connect people and ideas Reform Impact of Market Rev. on Northeast & Northwest Slavery impact on the south Sectional divide between N & S

8 C) Liberal social ideas from abroad and Romantic beliefs in human perfectibility influenced literature, art, philosophy, and architecture. Fourierism Beauty of nature British ex. Of abolition Transcendentalism Emmerson: Self-Reliance Thoreau: Civil Disobedience Fuller: The Dial, Women in the 19 th c. Whitman: Leaves of Grass Hudson River School * Fourierism brought a theory of social evolution to America, and applied here to free workers from capitalist employers D) Enslaved blacks and free African Americans created communities and strategies to protect their dignity and family structures, and they joined political efforts aimed at changing their status. Adoption of English Second Great Awakening Jumping the Broom Marriage Ceremonies Creation of Family units Black Churches formed Passive Resistance Nat Turner s Rebellion Abolitionist Mvt. American Anti-Slavery Society Garrison s The Liberator Underground Railroad Harriet Tubman Petitions to Congress End Slavery Frederick Douglass Abolitionist Mvt. Architecture: Greek Revival Style [columns], Gothic Revival [St. Patrick s Cathedral, NYC]m Italiante style [emphatic eaves and flat roofs]

9 III. Increasing numbers of Americans, many inspired by new religious and intellectual movements, worked primarily outside of government institutions to advance their ideals. A) Americans formed new voluntary organizations that aimed to change individual behaviors and improve society through temperance and other reform efforts. Second Great Awakening New Religious texts American Anti-Slavery Society Benevolent Empire (Modern equivalent: M.A.D.D.) American Temperance Society Dorothea Dix Mental Illness

10 B) Abolitionist and antislavery movements gradually achieved emancipation in the North, contributing to the growth of the free African American population, even as many state governments restricted African Americans rights. Antislavery efforts in the South were largely limited to unsuccessful slave rebellions. Slavery in the North gone by 1840 American Colonization Society Ideals about slavery shifted : - Anti-Republican Sin - Necessary Evil Positive Good David Walker Appeal Racism in North & South - Low-Paying Jobs - Rarely owned Land - No right to vote - No right to testify Nat Turner s Rebellion Backlash against Nat Turner s Rebellion Abolitionist Newspapers - The Liberator - The North Star Underground railroad Gag Rule Immediate Emancipation Uncompensated Emancipation Gradual Emancipation

11 C) A women s rights movement sought to create greater equality and opportunities for women, expressing its ideals at the Seneca Falls Convention. Cult of Domesticity Reform Movements working outside home Dorothea Dix Support for Horace Mann (Education Reform) Abolition Mvt. & Writing: - Harriet Jacobs, Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl - Grimke sisters, abolitionist tracts - Harriet Beecher Stowe, Uncle Tom s Cabin Ties between gender & race issues Fight over legal rights Elizabeth Cady Stanton Lucretia Mott Seneca Falls Convention 1848 Susan B. Anthony Key Concept 4.2: Innovations in technology, agriculture, and commerce powerfully accelerated the American economy, precipitating profound changes to U.S. society and to national and regional identities. I. New transportation systems and technologies dramatically expanded manufacturing and agricultural production. A) Entrepreneurs helped to create a market revolution in production and commerce, in which market relationships between producers and consumers came to prevail as the manufacture of goods became more organized. Paved roads Conestoga Wagon Canals (Erie Canal) Barges Steamboats Railroads Mechanical Reapers & Steel Plows

12 Spinning and Weaving machines

13 B) Innovations including textile machinery, steam engines, interchangeable parts, the telegraph, and agricultural inventions increased the efficiency of production methods. 2 nd Industrialized Nation Samuel Slater Francis Cabot Lowell Artisans Factory System Cheap power sources Labor: Lowell Mill Girls & Irish Immigrants Protective Tariffs Franklin Institute (Patents) Interchangeable Parts Market Revolution National Road Erie Canal Link between North & West Water Power Railroads Telegraph Mechanical Reaper Steel Plow

14 C. Legislation and judicial systems supported the development of roads, canals, and railroads, which extended and enlarged markets and helped foster regional interdependence. Transportation networks linked the North and Midwest more closely than either was linked to the South. Protective Tariffs Building of Erie Canal North becomes richer than the south Federal Government National Road, Post Office Gibbons v. Ogden II. The changes caused by the market revolution had significant effects on U.S. society, workers lives, and gender and family relations. A. Increasing numbers of Americans, ** "outwork system" whereby small parts of a larger production process especially women and men working in were carried out in numerous individual homes. This organizational factories, no longer relied on semisubsistence agriculture; instead they reform was especially important for shoe and boot making. supported themselves producing goods for distant markets. Lowell Mill Girls Poor Irish Immigrants Working for salaries Unionization Commonwealth v. Hunt B. The growth of manufacturing drove a significant increase in prosperity and standards of living for some; this led to the emergence of a larger middle class and a small but wealthy business elite but also to a large and growing population of laboring poor. Standard of Living Increase for Middle Class Working class Poor Socioeconomic Status differentiation Slaves, Immigrants, & Working poor trapped

15 B. cont. C. Gender and family roles changed in response to the market revolution, particularly with the growth of definitions of domestic ideals that emphasized the separation of public and private spheres. Separate Spheres of influence Cult of Domesticity III. Economic development shaped settlement and trade patterns, helping to unify the nation while also encouraging the growth of different regions.. A. Large numbers of international migrants moved to industrializing northern cities, while many Americans moved west of the Appalachians, developing thriving new communities along the Ohio and Mississippi rivers. Irish Catholics (largest group) Boston & NYC Germans NY & West Erie Canal increased internal migration Manufacturing more immigrants to North Slavery pushes yeoman farmer out of the South Slavery moves into Old SW B. Increasing Southern cotton production and the related growth of Northern manufacturing, banking, and shipping industries promoted the development of national and international commercial ties. Eli Whitney & Cotton Gin Textile Industry North Slavery and Plantations in South Trade with Britain fueled cotton production Increased internal transportation

16 C. Southern business leaders continued to rely on the production and export of traditional agricultural staples, contributing to the growth of a distinctive Southern regional identity. South Cotton Slavery Lack of Railroads in South Lack of education in South South Isolated & stagnant D. Plans to further unify the U.S. economy, such as the American System, generated debates over whether such policies would benefit agriculture or industry, potentially favoring different sections of the country. North Pro-American System South Less Nationalist Jackson (South & West) Anti- American System Calhoun (South) Anti-American System Tyler (South) Anti-American System Key Concept 4.3: The U.S. interest in increasing foreign trade and expanding its national borders shaped the nation s foreign policy and spurred government and private initiatives. I. Struggling to create an independent global presence, the United States sought to claim territory throughout the North American continent and promote foreign trade. A. Following the Louisiana Purchase, the United States government sought influence and control over North America and the Western Hemisphere through a variety of means, including exploration, military actions, American Indian removal, and diplomatic efforts such as the Monroe Doctrine. Lousiana Purchase Lewis & Clark Congress encouraged migration Battle of Tippecanoe (1811) War of 1812 Treaty of Ghent Adams-Onis Treaty Monroe Doctrine B. Frontier settlers tended to champion expansion efforts, while American Indian resistance led to a sequence of wars and federal efforts to control and relocate American Indian populations. Native American Removal - Tecumseh & his brother the Prophet, Temskwatawa

17 - Horseshoe Bend - Black Hawk War - Removal Act of Cherokee Nation v. Georgia - Worchester v. Georgia - John Marshall (SCOTUS) & Andrew Jackson (POTUS) - Trail of Tears - Seminoles in FL A) cont. II. The United States acquisition of lands in the West gave rise to contests over the extension of slavery into new territories. A. As over-cultivation depleted arable land in the Southeast, slaveholders began relocating their plantations to more fertile lands west of the Appalachians, where the institution of slavery continued to grow. Cotton Gin New Territory Louisiana Purchase & War of 1812 Louisiana (1812) Mississippi (1817) Alabama (1819) Florida Texas Profit from slave trade

18 B. Antislavery efforts increased in the North, while in the South, although the majority of Southerners owned no slaves, most leaders argued that slavery was part of the Southern way of life. Goals of American Colonization Society Immediate Uncompensated Emancipation Necessary Evil vs. Positive Good Use of religion to attempt justification of slavery View of the Mexican-American War by abolitionists Henry David Thoreau Civil Disobedience C. Congressional attempts at political compromise, such as the Missouri Compromise, only temporarily stemmed growing tensions between opponents and defenders of slavery. Missouri Compromise Henry Clay (The Great Compromiser) Gag Rule

19 Key Concepts (Essential Sub-Themes) directly from APUSH Curriculum Framework A. The United States began to develop a modern democracy and celebrated a new national culture, while Americans sought to define the nation s democratic ideals and change their society and institutions to match them. B. The nation s transition to a more participatory democracy was achieved by expanding suffrage from a system based on property ownership to one based on voting by all adult white men, and it was accompanied by the growth of political parties. C. While Americans embraced a new national culture, various groups developed distinctive cultures of their own. D. Increasing numbers of Americans, many inspired by new religious and intellectual movements, worked primarily outside of government institutions to advance their ideals. E. Innovations in technology, agriculture, and commerce powerfully accelerated the American economy, precipitating profound changes to U.S. society and to national and regional identities. F. New transportation systems and technologies dramatically expanded manufacturing and agricultural production. G. The changes caused by the market revolution had significant effects on U.S. society, workers lives, and gender and family relations. H. Economic development shaped settlement and trade patterns, helping to unify the nation while also encouraging the growth of different regions. I. The U.S. interest in increasing foreign trade and expanding its national borders shaped the nation s foreign policy and spurred government and private initiatives. J. Struggling to create an independent global presence, the United States sought to claim territory throughout the North American continent and promote foreign trade. K. The United States s acquisition of lands in the West gave rise to contests over the extension of slavery into new territories. Significant Topics (Absolute Must Know) directly from the APUSH Curriculum Framework 1. Changes in the Political Party System In the early 1800s, national political parties continued to debate issues such as the tariff, powers of the federal government, and relations with European powers. By the 1820s and 1830s, new political parties arose the Democrats, led, by Andrew Jackson, and the Whigs, led by Henry Clay that disagreed about the role and powers of the federal government and issues such as the national bank, tariffs, and federally funded internal improvements. Regional interests often trumped national concerns as the basis for many political leaders positions on slavery and economic policy. 2. The Supreme Court, Supreme Court decisions established the primacy of the judiciary in determining the meaning of the Constitution and asserted that federal laws took precedence over state laws. 3. The Market Revolution Entrepreneurs helped to create a market revolution in production and commerce, in which market relationships between producers and consumers came to prevail as the manufacture of goods became more organized. Gender and family roles changed in response to the market revolution, particularly with the growth of definitions of domestic ideals that emphasized the separation of public and private spheres. 4. The American Economy, Legislation and judicial systems supported the development of roads, canals, and railroads, which extended and enlarged markets and helped foster regional interdependence. Transportation networks linked the North and Midwest more closely than either was linked to the South. Increasing Southern cotton production and the related growth of Northern manufacturing, banking, and shipping industries promoted the development of national and international commercial ties. Plans to further unify the U.S. economy, such as the American System, generated debates over whether such policies would benefit agriculture or industry,

20 potentially favoring different sections of the country. 5. Growth of American Industry Innovations including textile machinery, steam engines, interchangeable parts, the telegraph, and agricultural inventions increased the efficiency of production methods. Increasing numbers of Americans, especially women and men working in factories, no longer relied on semi-subsistence agriculture; instead they supported themselves producing goods for distant markets. The growth of manufacturing drove a significant increase in prosperity and standards of living for some; this led to the emergence of a larger middle class and a small but wealthy business elite but also led to a large and growing population of laboring poor. 6. The Southern Economy Southern business leaders continued to rely on the production and export of traditional agricultural products, contributing to the growth of a distinctive Southern regional identity. 7. Second Great Awakening and American Reform Movements The rise of democratic and individualistic beliefs, a response to rationalism, and changes to society caused by the market revolution, along with greater social and geographical mobility, contributed to a Second Great Awakening among Protestants that influenced moral and social reforms and inspired utopian and other religious movements. Americans formed new voluntary organizations that aimed to change individual behaviors and improve society through temperance and other reform efforts. 8. American Culture A new national culture emerged that combined American elements, European influences, and regional cultural sensibilities. Liberal social ideas from abroad and Romantic beliefs in human perfectibility influenced literature, art, philosophy, and architecture. 9. Women during the Antebellum Era A women s rights movement sought to create greater equality and opportunities for women, expressing its ideals at the Seneca Falls Convention. 10. Abolitionism and the Rights of African Americans Abolitionist and antislavery movements gradually achieved emancipation in the North, contributing to the growth of the free African American population, even as many state governments restricted African Americans rights. Antislavery efforts in the South were largely limited to unsuccessful slave rebellions. Enslaved blacks and free African Americans created communities and strategies to protect their dignity and family structures, and they joined political efforts aimed at changing their status. 11. Northern and Westward Migration Large numbers of international migrants moved to industrializing northern cities, while many Americans moved west of the Appalachians, developing thriving new communities along the Ohio and Mississippi rivers. 12. American Expansionism and Internationalism Following the Louisiana Purchase, the United States government sought influence and control over North America and the Western Hemisphere through a variety of means, including exploration, military actions, American Indian removal, and diplomatic efforts such as the Monroe Doctrine. 13. Westward Expansion and American Indians Frontier settlers tended to champion expansion efforts, while American Indian resistance led to a sequence of wars and federal efforts to control and relocate American Indian populations. 14. Slavery in the Territories As over cultivation depleted arable land in the Southeast, slaveholders began relocating their plantations to more fertile lands west of the Appalachians, where the institution of slavery continued to grow. Antislavery efforts increased in the North, while in the South, although the majority of Southerners owned no slaves, most leaders argued that slavery was part of the Southern way of life. Congressional attempts at political compromise, such as the Missouri Compromise, only temporarily stemmed growing tensions between opponents and defenders of slavery.

21 IDENTIFICATIONS: 30 pts. IDENTIFY: You will create a collection of well-defined terms, I have provided you the definition. Your job as the amateur historian is to fully explain the significance of that Person, Place, or Things contribution to the time period we are currently discussing in relation to the Historical Thinking Skills allowing you to utilize it in the future to fully expand on a given topic and discuss in an educated manner. (As stated in the syllabus you may not type your answers, they must be hand written) Federalists: The political ideology of Alexander Hamilton, John Adams, and George Washington of a power central government, that implemented Taxes to support a manufacture based economy. Jeffersonian Democracy (Democratic Republicans): The political ideology of Jefferson, limited government, limited taxes, states rights, individual rights, agrarian economy, push for egalitarianism (equality for all) Classical Republicanism: non-monarchical government and a strong dislike of hereditary monarchy. An early theory of democracy that holds that the best kind of government is one that promotes the "common good" and the welfare of an entire society. Its characteristics include civic virtue, moral education, and small, uniform communities. Revolution of 1800 (Election of 1800): Vice President Thomas Jefferson defeated President John Adams, ushering out the last Federalist POTUS to hold office. Hartford Convention, 1814: meeting of Federalists during the War of 1812 in which a small faction of anti-war Federalists threatened to secede from the Union unless President Madison gave into their demands. James Madison: One of the authors of the Federalist papers, Secretary of state under Thomas Jefferson, and 4 th POTUS. (Marbury v. Madison) Midnight judges: Federalist judges appointed by President John Adams between the time he lost the election in November of 1800 and the time he left office in March of Judiciary Act 1789: law that established the Supreme Court and the lower federal courts. President Washington appointed John Jay as the first Chief Justice of the United States John Marshall: appointed to the Supreme Court by John Adams in 1801 Marbury v. Madison, 1803: the case broadly dealt with the midnight judge appointments of the outgoing Federalist President (John Adams) and the outgoing Federalist Congress after the Election of 1800 *prior to 1803, the role of the Judicial Branch and Supreme Court were not clear (Judicial Review)

22 Fletcher v. Peck: the case broadly dealt with fraudulent land grants in the state of Georgia. Dartmouth v. Woodward: the case broadly dealt with an attempt by the New Hampshire legislature to convert Dartmouth University from a private college to a state university. the Supreme Court ruled that since the College s charter (granted by King George III in 1769) pre-dated the existence of the United States that the New Hampshire legislature had no authority to violate the contract. McCulloch v. Maryland, 1819: the case broadly dealt with an attempt by the state of Maryland to tax a branch of the 2nd Bank of the United States (a national bank) located within the borders of Maryland Gibbons v. Ogden, 1824: the case broadly dealt with steamboat business between New York and New Jersey (specifically dealt with a monopoly that had formed) Worcester v. Georgia, 1832: the case broadly dealt with Cherokee reservations in the state of Georgia and whether the state had jurisdiction over these reservations. The Supreme Court ruled that reservations were created by an Act of Congress therefore the federal government has the ultimate power over the reservations (Trail of Tears) American System, 1815: Henry Clay s proposal to make the U.S. economically self-sufficient. The American System called for protective tariffs, internal transportation improvements at federal expense, and the creation of a Second Bank of the United States Henry Clay: Democratic-Republican who essentially was calling for the adoption of Federalist economic principles (refer back to Hamilton s Financial Plan) served as Secretary of State and and as a U.S. Senator Eire Canal, : A 350-mile canal built by the state of New York that stretched from Buffalo to Albany. Turnpikes: a road in which tolls were collected at gates set up along the road (think Beltway 8 or Grand Parkway toll road)

23 Louisiana Purchase, 1803: The U.S. purchased the Louisiana Territory from France for $15 million Lewis and Clark expedition, : Expedition to explore the Louisiana Territory led by Meriwether Lewis and William Clark War Hawks: Democratic-Republican members of Congress from the South and West who were elected to the House of Representatives in large numbers in 1810 they wanted war with Britain (John C. Calhoun, Henry Clay) War of 1812, : Considered by many historians to be the 2 nd War of Independence, it was a war between the U.S. and Great Britain caused primarily by the British violation of American neutral rights on the high seas ( Freedom of the Seas ). Adams-Onís Treaty, 1819: treaty between the United States and Spain in 1819 Monroe Doctrine, 1823: President Monroe s unilateral declaration that the Americas would be closed to any further European colonization Webster-Ashburton Treaty, 1842: Treaty between the U.S. and Great Britain Tecumseh: Shawnee Indian leader who established a Native American confederacy that he hoped would be a barrier to white expansion into the Northwest Territory. Tecumseh s Confederacy was allied with the British before and during the War of 1812 Essex Junto: (a junto is a group of persons joined for a common purpose) 1812 A group of lawyers and merchants from Essex County, Massachusetts, that began advocating secession for New England during the War of (Battle of Tippecanoe)

24 Era of Good Feelings, : The period from roughly characterized by nationalism and one political party control of the United States. Andrew Jackson: served in the U.S. House of Representatives ( ) served as a U.S. Senator ( , ) Justice on the Tennessee Supreme Court ( ) Hero of the Battle of New Orleans President ( ) Whig Party: Political Party created in 1834 as a coalition of anti-jackson political leaders, they called themselves the Whig Party named after the British party of the same name. British Whigs were opponents of excessive royal power. (King Andrew Jackson) Daniel Webster: served in the House of Representatives, the U.S. Senate, and as Secretary of State John C. Calhoun: one of the original War Hawks elected to the House of Representatives in Served as Secretary of War, Secretary of State, U.S. Senator, and Vice President Nicholas Biddle: Served as the President of the 2 nd Bank of the United States Market economy: Economic system based on the unregulated buy and selling of goods and services, prices are determined by the forces of supply and demand (Laissez-Faire) Market Revolution: Also known as the 1 st Industrial Revolution Panic of 1819: Financial panic that began when the Second Bank of the U.S. tightened credit and recalled government loans Panic of 1837: Economic collapse caused primarily by President Jackson s destruction of the Second Bank of the United States. Lowell system: A method of factory management that evolved in the textile mills of Lowell,

25 Massachusetts, which were owned by the Boston Manufacturing Company and named in honor of the company s founder, Francis Lowell. (Lowell Mill Girls) Samuel Slater: Father of the American Industrial Revolution, Slater brought British textile technology to the United States Cyrus McCormick: Developed the mechanical reaper in 1831 John Deere: Invented the steel plow in 1837, it broke up soil without the soil getting stuck in/to the plow (as would happen with older wooden plows) Baldwin Locomotive Works: an American builder of railroad locomotives. It was originally located in Philadelphia, and later moved to nearby Eddystone, Pennsylvania. Anthracite coal mining: began in 1790 in Pottsville, Pennsylvania, with the discovery of coal made by the hunter Necho Allen in what is now known as the Coal Region. Interchangeable parts: parts that were identical to one another and which could be substituted in the event of malfunction. Developed initially for the manufacturing of muskets. Mason-Dixon Line: surveyed between 1763 and 1767 by Charles Mason and Jeremiah Dixon in the resolution of a border dispute involving Maryland, Pennsylvania, and Delaware in Colonial America. National Road (Cumberland Road), 1811: The road stretched from the Potomac River near the Chesapeake Bay to the Ohio River. Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, 1828: oldest railroad in the United States Missouri Compromise, 1820: 1820, The issue was that Missouri wanted to join the Union as a slave state, therefore unbalancing the Union so there would be more slave states then free states. Cotton Gin & Eli Whitney: He invented a machine that increased the speed at which seeds could be separated from cotton thus increasing the demand for cotton grown in the field (Cotton Belt)

26 Election of 1800 & 1824: when no candidate received the simple majority of Electoral votes. Antebellum: literally translated, the term Antebellum means before war but in U.S. history it means before the Civil War Elections of 1824: aka Corrupt Bargin presidential election held in 1824, in which John Quincy Adams was elected by the House of Representatives after Andrew Jackson won the most popular and electoral votes but failed to receive an electoral majority (Election of 1828 aka Revolution of 1828) Virginia Kentucky Resolution: When the states of Virginia and Kentucky attempted to nullify the Alien and Sedition acts saying the violated their constitutions. South Carolina Nullification Crisis, : secretly written by Vice President John C. Calhoun, it argued that South Carolina should nullify the Tariff of 1828 because it unfairly benefited northern industrial interests at the expense of southern agrarian interests (essentially a defense of states rights). The theory of nullification was originally based upon Jefferson and Madison s Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions which were originally based upon Locke s Compact Theory Second Bank of the United States, 1816: privately owned bank that operated as both a commercial bank and fiscal agent for the U.S. government. The Second Bank of the U.S was established in 1816 under a charter that was supposed to last twenty years ( ) (Destruction of the 2 nd Bank) Tariff of 1816: created primarily to shield New England manufacturers from the inflow of British goods after the War of Tariff of 1828: aka Tariff of Abominations a tariff with such high rates that it created tension between northerners and southerners Debates over the tariff and internal improvements: Northerners generally favored higher tariffs and internal improvements at federal expense. Southerners generally opposed higher tariffs and internal improvements at federal expense

27 Black Hawk: Leader of the Illinois tribes of Indians in the 1830s. Indian Removal Act 1830: law that ordered the removal of all Indian tribes from east of the Mississippi River for resettlement in the West on Indian Lands Seminole Wars, , : the Seminole Indians of Florida opposed removal and resisted U.S. troops in two separate, violent wars. Second Great Awakening: an upsurge in religious activity that began around 1800 and lasted through the early 1840s that was characterized by emotional revival meetings. (Indian territory- Present day Oklahoma) National Trades Union, 1834: founded in 1834 by delegates from six cities Charles Finney: Presbyterian minister, Father of Modern Revivalism Advocated for the abolition of slavery and equal education for women and African Americans. Neoclassicism: a revival in architecture and art in the late 1700s and early 1800s that was inspired by Greek and Roman models Hudson River School, : the first true school of painting in the U.S. Transcendentalism: Philosophical and literary movement that believed God existed within human beings and in a state of nature Ralph Waldo Emerson: Philosopher, writer, and poet Tallmadge Amendment, 1819: an amendment to a statehood bill for Missouri that would have banned slavery from Missouri (Missouri Compromise) Joseph Smith: reported to being visited by an angel and given golden plates in 1840; the plates, when

28 deciphered, brought about the Church of Latter Day Saints and the Book of Mormon Temperance: the push for the regulation and in some instances the prohibition of alcohol Spoils System: A way of selecting people for government jobs based on the idea that to the victor belongs the spoils Five Civilized Tribes: The Cherokees, Creeks, Choctaws, Chickasaws, and Seminoles tried to live in harmony with white society, who called them by this name. Shakers: religious movement founded by Ann Lee Stanley. The name "The Shakers" was based on their ecstatic dances that were a part of their worship. Catherine Beecher: unmarried daughter of a famous preacher and sister of Harriet Beecher Stowe, who in the 1800's urged women to enter the teaching profession Harriet Beecher: A nineteenth-century American author Uncle Tom s Cabin William H. McGuffey: Created McGuffey s Reader Great White Fleet: A group of 16 gleaming white ships that were added to the US Navy in the early 1900s Henry David Thoreau: Writer and naturalist Dorothea Dix: was a pioneer in the movement for special treatment of the mentally ill Horace Mann: Massachusetts educator who called for publicly funded education for all children Utopian communities: idealistic reform movement based on the belief that a

29 perfect society could be created and achieved on Earth. Free Soil Movement: Movement to prohibit slavery in the new territories Abolition: the struggle for the emancipation of slaves and the outlawing of the institution altogether Missouri Compomise: law proposed by Henry Clay ( Great Compromiser ) admitting Missouri to the U.S. as a slave state and Maine as a free state Sectionalism: the excessive devotion to ones state or region over the country as a whole Cult of Domesticity: a belief that emerged post War of 1812 that a woman s proper role in life was found in domestic pursuits (raising children, taking care of a home, etc.) Seneca Falls Convention, 1848: the first official convention in America for women s rights held in Seneca Falls, New York (in part, a response to the Cult of Domesticity ) Elizabeth Cady Stanton: a member of the women's right's movement in 1840 James Forten: African American entrepreneur with a successful sail-making business in Philadelphia American Colonization Society, 1817: reflecting the focus of early abolitionists on transporting freed blacks back to Africa

30 American Anti-Slavery Society: Abolitionist society founded by William Loyd Garrison William Lloyd Garrison: most conspicious and most vilified of the abolitionists "The Liberator" Sojourner Truth: freed black woman in New York Liberty Party, 1840: A former political party in the United States; formed in 1840 Elijah Louvejoy: An American Presbyterian minister Ricard Allen: an African American preacher African Methodist Episcopal Church David Walker: outspoken Black American activist who demanded the immediate end of slavery in the new nation. Appeal to the Coloured Citizens of the World Frederick Douglass: born a slave but escaped to the North and became a prominent black abolitionist; gifted orator, writer, and editor Narrative of the Life of Fredrick Douglass (1845)

31 The Northern Star: 1847, paper started by Frederick Douglas Harriet Tubman: African-American abolitionist, humanitarian, and Union spy Empresario: a person who arranged for the settlement of land in Texas during the 1800s Monroe Doctrine: President Monroe s unilateral declaration that the Americas would be closed to any further European colonization Manifest Destiny: a belief that the U.S. was destined and ordained by God to expand across the North American continent from coast to coast Know Nothing Party: (aka Order of the Star Spangled Banner) Mexican-American War ( ): war caused by a territorial dispute between the U.S. and Mexico. The famous battle at the Alamo took place during this conflict. Wilmot Proviso: 1845, Dispute over whether any Mexican territory that America won during the Mexican War should be free or a slave territory. Gag Rule: prohibited debate or action on antislavery appeals

32 Specie Circular: issued by President Jackson in 1836, was meant to stop land speculation caused by states printing paper money without proper specie (gold or silver) California Gold Rush (1849): thousands of miners travel to Northern California after news reports of the discovery of gold Sutters Mill Kangawa Treaty: establishing an American consulate in Japan and securing American coaling rights in Japanese ports. Opium Wars: War between Britain and China over trading rights

33 Notes Period 4:

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40 HISTORICAL THINKING SKILLS: 30 pts. HISTORICAL THINKING SKILLS: In a short paragraph for each bullet point below (On a separate sheet of paper), you will apply and fully explain the Historical Thinking Skills that we have discussed in class (Compare & Contrast, Causation, Continuities & Changes over Time, and Periodization) to each time period we study building a collection of connections not only within individual time periods of study but across time periods. (As stated in the syllabus you may not type your answers, they must be hand written) Causation: What is a cause as well as an effect of the court case Marbury vs. Madison? What is a cause as well as an effect of the Hartford Convention? What was a cause as well as an effect of the Embargo Act of 1807? Compare & Contrast: Compare and contrast the political views of Alexander Hamilton (Economic System) & Henry Clay s (American System) Compare and Contrast the South Carolina Nullification Crisis of the Virginia Kentucky Resolutions Compare and Contrast First Great Awakening & the Second Great Awakening CCOT: Identify and explain ONE continuity and ONE change in the countries attitude toward slavery from the Election of Thomas Jefferson in 1800 to 1848 and the Mexican American War which resulted in further westward expansion. Identify and explain ONE continuity and ONE change caused from westward expansion from the beginning of the time period in 1800 to the end of the time period in Identify and explain ONE continuity and ONE change in regards to citizens views of Contextualization: Analyze the extent to which tensions stemming from the original 13 colonies that then became the original 13 states caused a further divide in United States politics.

41 ANNOTATIONS OF IMPORTANT EVENTS & SUPPORTING DOCUMENTS: 10 pts. Important Events: PERIOD 4 pt. 1 ( ) 1801 Jefferson elected ( ) - REVOLUTION OF Marbury v. Madison established Judicial Review 1803 Louisiana Purchase - Lewis & Clark 1807 Embargo Act 1807 & Non Intercourse Act both hurt American economy (British Impressment) 1812 War of 1812-declared War on Britain - short war; Treaty of Ghent -Battle of New Orleans - Jackson wins -Hartford Convention - end of Federalist Party -American system (lobbied by Henry Clay) - tariff, roads, re-chartered National Bank (protective) 1820 Missouri Compromise by Henry Clay -Missouri slave state -Maine free state -36 o 30 ; slavery is below that 1823 Monroe Doctrine 1825 Era of Good Feelings - 1 political party in America 1824 Corrupt Bargain - Henry Clay became Sec. of State & John Q. Adams President -Dem. Party formed with Andrew Jackson supporters PERIOD 4 pt. 2 ( ) Jackson presidency begins Era of Common Man - universal white male suffrage -Indian Removal Act Trail of Tears -Tariff of 1832 (Abominations) nullification issues -vetoed 2 nd Bank of US charter -Specie circular -panic of Nat Turners Rebellion fails leads to Black Codes -Whig party emerges anti-democratic party nd Great Awakening 1790 s 1840 s -Temperance -slavery, abolition -reforms of society 1845 Texas annexed 1846 Oregon Treaty established (54 40 OR FIGHT) - northern border with Canada -America acquires OR, WA, parts of ID, WY, MT Mexican-American War -the Wilmot Proviso defeated quickly 1848 Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo -ends Mexican-American War -Mexican cession $15 million for C(alifornia) A(rizona) N(evada) C(olorado) U(tah) N(ew Mexico)

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46 MARSHALL COURT

47 THE WAR OF 1812 MAJOR EVENTS Event Date Location Significance Napoleon excludes British goods from "fortress Europe" British impress American sailors 1806 Europe American ships caught in middle as British respond with blockade. British seize 1000 U.S. ships, French ca High seas British captains took over 10,000 American citizens to man ships. Chesapeake - Leopard fight June miles off Norfolk, Virginia Chesapeake fired on by Leopard after refusing to be boarded. 3 Americans killed, 18 wounded. Embargo Act December 1807 Washington, D.C. Jefferson's attempt at "peaceful coercion" resulted in economic disaster for merchants. War Hawks elected to Congress Battle of Tippecanoe 1810 U.S. Calhoun, Clay, others bothered by insults to U.S. and Indian presence 1811 Ohio River Valley Tecumseh's brother (the Prophet) led attack on Harrison's army of Congress declares "Mr. Madison's War" June 18, 1812 Washington, D.C. Pushed by War Hawks, Madison asked for declaration. All Federalists oppose it. British capture Ft. Mackinac August 16, 1812 Michigan U.S. lost fort as British invade American territory. Invasion attempts of Canada 1812 U.S.--Canadian border 3 attempts of U.S. to invade Canada all fail. Constitution vs. Guerriere 1812 Atlantic Ocean Victory by U.S. ship ("Old Ironsides"). Other privateers captured or burned British ships.

48 Battle of Frenchtown January 1813 Michigan Kentucky troops repelled by British and Indians in bloody fighting. American survivors killed in Raisin River Massacre. Battle of York (Toronto) April 1813 Toronto, Canada U.S. troops took control of Great Lakes, burn York. This action later returned by British burning of Washington, D.C. Battle of Lake Erie September 1813 Put-in-Bay British naval attack repulsed by Capt. Perry. Battle of Thames October 1813 Ontario, Canada Tecumseh killed in U.S. victory. NW Indians weakened by battle. Battle of Horseshoe Bend March 1814 Mississippi Territory Andrew Jackson defeated Creek Indians. British plan 3-part invasion of U.S.: Chesapeake Bay, Lake Champlain, & mouth of Mississippi River British burn Washington, D.C August 1814 District of Columbia British successful in Chesapeake, but fail at Lake Champlain and at New Orleans Sailing up Patuxent River, British burn Capitol and White House. Dolly Madison saves Washington's portrait. Battle of Plattsburgh September 1814 Lake Champlain U.S. secured northern border with victory over larger British force. Hartford Convention December 15,1814 Hartford, Connecticut Group of Federalists discussed secession, propose 7 amendments to protect influence of Northeast states. Treaty of Ghent December 24, 1814 Ghent, Belgium British and American diplomats agreed on status quo antebellum Battle of New Orleans January 1815 New Orleans Jackson's forces defeated British. 700 British killed, 1400 wounded. U.S. losses: 8 killed, 13 wounded

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