Madison & Monroe. Presidencies

Transcription

1 James James Madison & Monroe Presidencies

2 Where we are March 1797: President John Adams takes office : XYZ Affair, Quasi-War with France, Alien & Sedition Acts, VA & KY Resolutions : Jeffersonian Republicanism, Marbury v. Madison, Louisiana Purchase June 1812: War of 1812 with Britain begins 1796 : President Washington declines 3 rd term. March 1801: President Thomas Jefferson takes office. Revolution of 1800 March 1809: President James Madison takes office. March 1817: President James Monroe takes office : Expanding boundaries, Monroe Doctrine, Sectionalism, HC s American System

3 James Madison s Presidency ( )

4 James Madison s Presidency ( ) War of 1812 Background War broke out between Napoleon s France and Great Britain in 1803 and President Jefferson tried to remain neutral by not trading with either country. As the war continued, Britain s navy suffered large military losses In the Great Lakes region, Congress mobilized an army to defeat the Indian Chief Tecumseh who had been leading an allied force of Indian tribes against American frontiersmen. Tecumseh

5 James Madison s Presidency ( ) War of 1812 Causes To gain sailors, Britain began impressment, or capturing American sailors and forcing them into the British navy. U.S. also learned the British were providing arms to Native Americans in the Northwest Territory. A group of young Congressmen from the South & western frontier nicknamed the War Hawks wanted to attack British Canada & acquire Spanish Florida These two developments caused public opinion to turn against Britain and many in Congress demanded war with Britain. Henry Clay, a young War Hawk Congressman from KY

6 James Madison s Presidency ( ) War of 1812 Course of the War President James Madison supported going to war, and Congress declared war against Great Britain in June However, military reductions during Jefferson s presidency made the U.S. unprepared for war. The war was fought on both land and sea, with battles stretching from Canada in the north to Louisiana in the south. Most battles were concentrated along the U.S.-Canada border.

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8 James Madison s Presidency ( ) War of 1812 Course of the War In August 1814, Britain captured Washington D.C. & burned both the U.S. Capitol Building and Presidential Mansion. General Andrew Jackson led U.S. troops to a major victory at the Battle of New Orleans. Last major conflict in the war Treaty of Ghent between U.S. & Britain had actually been signed a few weeks prior slowwww communication Andrew Jackson at the Battle of New Orleans

9 James Madison s Presidency ( ) War of 1812 Consequences of the War The War of 1812 had four important consequences: 1. End of the Federalist Party many Federalists opposed the war, and were labeled unpatriotic afterwards 2. Growth of American industry needed to manufacture products no longer available from trade with Britain 3. Foreign respect for U.S. other nations saw the U.S. as worthy of independence 4. Increase in American Nationalism ushered in an era of good feelings of nationalism & optimism

10 James Monroe s Presidency ( )

11 James Monroe s Presidency ( ) Nationalism Shapes Foreign Policy Madison s Secretary of State, James Monroe, was elected President in New President Monroe s Secretary of State, John Quincy Adams, based his foreign policy on the principle of nationalism. Nationalism = belief that national interests should be placed ahead of regional concerns Regional concern examples = slavery in South, tariffs in the North

12 James Monroe s Presidency ( ) U.S. Extends its Boundaries In 1819, the U.S. reached an agreement with Spain called the Adams-Onis Treaty that would expand America s territory. 49 th parallel (49 N latitude) became the U.S. northern border. Oregon territory would be jointly occupied by Britain & U.S. U.S. gained Florida as a territory.

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14 James Monroe s Presidency ( ) The Monroe Doctrine In 1817, European countries and Russia made attempts at colonizing lands in the western hemisphere. Spain & Portugal in South America Russia in Alaska In response, James Monroe gave a speech before Congress where he warned Europe to stay out of affairs in the Western Hemisphere. In exchange, Monroe declared that the U.S. would not interfere in European affairs. Western Hemisphere

15 James Monroe s Presidency ( ) Regional Economic Differences In the early 1800s, the economies of North & South developed very differently. Northeast (New England) began to industrialize by manufacturing textiles and cloth. South & West continued to focus on agriculture. Eli Whitney s cotton gin in 1794 allowed plantations to produce more cotton than ever. Expanded need for field labor - increased slave population in South.

16 Eli Whitney s Cotton Gin

17 James Monroe s Presidency ( ) Balancing Nationalism & Sectionalism Economic differences in North & South created tension between regions. President Monroe had a plan to unite the nation economically and establish economic independence from Britain: 1. Establish a protective tariff tax on imports to encourage domestic buying 2. Recharter the national bank charter expired in 1811, would provide national loans & a unified national currency. 3. Development of transportation systems (roads, canals, bridges) - improve travel/trade between the states House Speaker Henry Clay promoted Monroe s Plan and dubbed it The American System

18 James Monroe s Presidency ( ) Uniting on Issues One of the most influential political figures of this time was John C. Calhoun. Congressman from South Carolina Calhoun convinced other Congressmen to approve the Tariff of 1816 and charter the Second National Bank for a 20 year period. Best hair in American history!

19 James Monroe s Presidency ( ) Missouri Compromise (1820) Despite national efforts, sectional conflicts remained. In 1818, Missouri requested admission as a state. Disagreement over slavery arose political leaders feared an imbalance of slave & free states in Congress In 1820, led by Henry Clay, Congress passed the Missouri Compromise: Maine admitted as a free state Missouri admitted as a slave state Louisiana Territory split into two parts at line Slavery legal South of the line, prohibited North of it

20 Missouri Compromise (1820)