Period 4: ( Revolution of 1800 to the end of the Mexican/American War)
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- Bartholomew Jacobs
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1 Period 4: ( Revolution of 1800 to the end of the Mexican/American War) In a Nutshell (Big Picture) The new republic struggled to define and extend democratic ideals in the face of rapid economic, territorial, and demographic changes. Key Concepts (Broad Essential Information) A. The United States began to develop a modern democracy and celebrated a new national culture, while Americans sought to define the nation s democratic ideals and change their society and institutions to match them. B. The nation s transition to a more participatory democracy was achieved by expanding suffrage from a system based on property ownership to one based on voting by all adult white men, and it was accompanied by the growth of political parties. C. While Americans embraced a new national culture, various groups developed distinctive cultures of their own. D. Increasing numbers of Americans, many inspired by new religious and intellectual movements, worked primarily outside of government institutions to advance their ideals. E. Innovations in technology, agriculture, and commerce powerfully accelerated the American economy, precipitating profound changes to U.S. society and to national and regional identities. F. New transportation systems and technologies dramatically expanded manufacturing and agricultural production. G. The changes caused by the market revolution had significant effects on U.S. society, workers lives, and gender and family relations. H. Economic development shaped settlement and trade patterns, helping to unify the nation while also encouraging the growth of different regions. I. The U.S. interest in increasing foreign trade and expanding its national borders shaped the nation s foreign policy and spurred government and private initiatives. J. Struggling to create an independent global presence, the United States sought to claim territory throughout the North American continent and promote foreign trade. K. The United States s acquisition of lands in the West gave rise to contests over the extension of slavery into new territories. Significant Topics (Must Know) 1. Changes in the Political Party System In the early 1800s, national political parties continued to debate issues such as the tariff, powers of the federal government, and relations with European powers. By the 1820s and 1830s, new political parties arose the Democrats, led, by Andrew Jackson, and the Whigs, led by Henry Clay that disagreed about the role and powers of the federal government and issues such as the national bank, tariffs, and federally funded internal improvements. Regional interests often trumped national concerns as the basis for many political leaders positions on slavery and economic policy. 2. The Supreme Court, Supreme Court decisions established the primacy of the judiciary in determining the meaning of the Constitution and asserted that federal laws took precedence over state laws. 1
2 3. The Market Revolution Entrepreneurs helped to create a market revolution in production and commerce, in which market relationships between producers and consumers came to prevail as the manufacture of goods became more organized. Gender and family roles changed in response to the market revolution, particularly with the growth of definitions of domestic ideals that emphasized the separation of public and private spheres. 4. The American Economy, Legislation and judicial systems supported the development of roads, canals, and railroads, which extended and enlarged markets and helped foster regional interdependence. Transportation networks linked the North and Midwest more closely than either was linked to the South. Increasing Southern cotton production and the related growth of Northern manufacturing, banking, and shipping industries promoted the development of national and international commercial ties. Plans to further unify the U.S. economy, such as the American System, generated debates over whether such policies would benefit agriculture or industry, potentially favoring different sections of the country. 5. Growth of American Industry Innovations including textile machinery, steam engines, interchangeable parts, the telegraph, and agricultural inventions increased the efficiency of production methods. Increasing numbers of Americans, especially women and men working in factories, no longer relied on semi-subsistence agriculture; instead they supported themselves producing goods for distant markets. The growth of manufacturing drove a significant increase in prosperity and standards of living for some; this led to the emergence of a larger middle class and a small but wealthy business elite but also led to a large and growing population of laboring poor. 6. The Southern Economy Southern business leaders continued to rely on the production and export of traditional agricultural products, contributing to the growth of a distinctive Southern regional identity. 7. Second Great Awakening and American Reform Movements The rise of democratic and individualistic beliefs, a response to rationalism, and changes to society caused by the market revolution, along with greater social and geographical mobility, contributed to a Second Great Awakening among Protestants that influenced moral and social reforms and inspired utopian and other religious movements. Americans formed new voluntary organizations that aimed to change individual behaviors and improve society through temperance and other reform efforts. 8. American Culture A new national culture emerged that combined American elements, European influences, and regional cultural sensibilities. Liberal social ideas from abroad and Romantic beliefs in human perfectibility influenced literature, art, philosophy, and architecture. 9. Women during the Antebellum Era A women s rights movement sought to create greater equality and opportunities for women, expressing its ideals at the Seneca Falls Convention. 10. Abolitionism and the Rights of African Americans Abolitionist and antislavery movements gradually achieved emancipation in the North, contributing to the growth of the free African American population, even as many state governments restricted African Americans rights. Antislavery efforts in the South were largely limited to unsuccessful slave rebellions. Enslaved blacks and free African Americans created communities and strategies to protect their dignity and family structures, and they joined political efforts aimed at changing their status. 11. Northern and Westward Migration Large numbers of international migrants moved to industrializing northern cities, while many Americans moved west of the Appalachians, developing thriving new communities along the Ohio and Mississippi rivers. 12. American Expansionism and Internationalism Following the Louisiana Purchase, the United States government sought influence and control over North America and the Western Hemisphere through a variety of means, including exploration, military actions, American Indian removal, and diplomatic efforts such as the Monroe Doctrine. 13. Westward Expansion and American Indians Frontier settlers tended to champion expansion efforts, while American Indian resistance led to a sequence of wars and federal efforts to control and relocate American Indian populations. 2
3 14. Slavery in the Territories As over cultivation depleted arable land in the Southeast, slaveholders began relocating their plantations to more fertile lands west of the Appalachians, where the institution of slavery continued to grow. Antislavery efforts increased in the North, while in the South, although the majority of Southerners owned no slaves, most leaders argued that slavery was part of the Southern way of life. Congressional attempts at political compromise, such as the Missouri Compromise, only temporarily stemmed growing tensions between opponents and defenders of slavery. Period Four, Part One (Contextualization, Turning Points, etc.) space intentionally left blank 3
4 Supporting Evidence for Significant Topics (Period 4, Part One) Jeffersonian Democracy Ideology (beliefs) of Jeffersonian Democracy - limited government, limited taxes, states rights, individual rights, agrarian economy (Yeoman Farmer the ideal citizen), push for egalitarianism (equality for all), strict construction - a response to the Federalist dominated 1790s and the perception that Federalists were centralizing power at the expense of democracy - great appeal to the common man especially those in the south and west The Supreme Court under John Marshall ( ) Judiciary Act of law that established the Supreme Court and the lower federal courts - President Washington appointed John Jay as the first Chief Justice of the United States Midnight judges - Federalist judges appointed by President John Adams between the time he lost the election in November of 1800 and the time he left office in March of essentially an attempt by Federalists to entrench themselves in the Judicial branch since they lost control of the Executive and Legislative branches in the election of During the first 12 years under the new Constitution ( ), Federalists had control of all three branches of government. The election of 1800 clearly was a monumental shift in power. John Marshall - appointed to the Supreme Court by John Adams in 1801, he served as the longest serving Chief Justice in the history of the United States ( ). - The Marshall Court s legal decisions left a legacy in three important areas: 1. Gave the Supreme Court more power, 2. Strengthened the power of the federal government over the states particularly in the economy, and 3. Established precedent for protecting private property. 4
5 1803: Marbury v. Madison - Supreme Court decision that declared a section of the Judiciary Act of 1789 unconstitutional and established the principle of judicial review. - the case broadly dealt with the midnight judge appointments of the outgoing Federalist President (John Adams) and the outgoing Federalist Congress after the Election of the decision by the Court established the power of Judicial Review (actions of the executive and legislative branch are subject to review by the judicial branch) *prior to 1803, the role of the Judicial Branch and Supreme Court were not clear 1810: Fletcher v. Peck - the case broadly dealt with fraudulent land grants in the state of Georgia. - the decision by the Supreme Court defended the inviolability of contracts by declaring that land grants were a valid contract regardless of whether corruption was involved. 1819: McCulloch v. Maryland - the case broadly dealt with an attempt by the state of Maryland to tax a branch of the 2 nd Bank of the United States (a national bank) located within the borders of Maryland. - the decision by the court not only ruled against the state of Maryland but also declared that the creation of the Bank of the United States was constitutional under the necessary and proper clause or elastic clause in the Constitution (an implied power). 1819: Dartmouth v. Woodward - the case broadly dealt with an attempt by the New Hampshire legislature to convert Dartmouth University from a private college to a state university. - the Supreme Court ruled that since the College s charter (granted by King George III in 1769) pre-dated the existence of the United States that the New Hampshire legislature had no authority to violate the contract. - the decision by the Supreme Court further expanded the meaning of the contract clause of the Constitution and in part was based upon precedent established in Fletcher v. Peck 1824: Gibbons v. Ogden - the case broadly dealt with steamboat business between New York and New Jersey (specifically dealt with a monopoly that had formed) - the Supreme Court ruled that the states had no jurisdiction since Congress regulates interstate commerce (implied powers of Congress strengthened) 1832: Worcester v. Georgia - the case broadly dealt with Cherokee reservations in the state of Georgia and whether the state had jurisdiction over these reservations - the Supreme Court ruled that reservations were created by an Act of Congress therefore the federal government has the ultimate power over the reservations The War of 1812 ( ) War Hawks - Democratic-Republican members of Congress from the South and West who were elected to the House of Representatives in large numbers in they wanted war with Britain and used propaganda to exaggerate British actions on the high seas (impressment) and on the frontier with Native Americans (arming and inciting). - they supported war with Britain primarily in the hopes of annexing new territory (Canada) and ending British trade with the Indians of the Northwest territory. War of 1812 (defined) - the end to the French/British Issue that had plagued the United States from the early 1790s to 1815 (Washington, Adams, Jefferson, Madison) - War between the U.S. and Great Britain caused primarily by the British violation of American neutral rights on the high seas ( Freedom of the Seas ). The war ended with an agreement of status quo ante (a return to how things were before the war). - the war is also considered by many historians to be the 2nd War of Independence 5
6 Tecumseh - Shawnee Indian leader who established a Native American confederacy that he hoped would be a barrier to white expansion into the Northwest Territory. - Tecumseh s Confederacy was allied with the British before and during the War of Tecumseh s Confederacy was defeated at the Battle of Tippecanoe in 1811 and the Battle of Thames in 1813 by U.S. forces led by General William Henry Harrison. - it is said that after Tecumseh was killed in battle that his brother, the Prophet, put a curse on William Henry Harrison known as the Curse of Tippecanoe Hartford Convention (1814) - meeting of Federalists during the War of 1812 in which a small faction of anti-war Federalists threatened to secede from the Union unless President Madison gave into their demands. - The convention was generally viewed by some as treasonous and the Federalist Party began to die out after the war. Era of Good Feelings Era of Good Feelings (defined) - The period from roughly characterized by nationalism and one political party control of the United States. The decline of the Federalist Party and the end of the War of 1812 gave rise to a time of political cooperation especially in the economic realm.the Era of Good Feelings is often associated with the two terms of President James Monroe. On the Surface and in Reality Westward Expansion On the surface, the Era of Good Feelings appeared to be a great period in U.S. History Although the War was truly a stalemate, the perception was that of an American victory so the U.S. gained some respect and legitimacy around the world British threat no longer perceived to be a problem despite Canada continuing to function as a British colony Americans finally established a sense of identity and national pride (reflected in truly American literature and art in the 1820s) Economy was strong and diversifying W. Expansion continued and additional states were added to the Union One political party (perception of political unity) In Reality, the Era of Good Feelings masked a host of divisive issues that lurked under the surface and would continue to divide the country in the years to come Strength of the economy was false One political party----not really (Federalist name tarnished due to the Alien and Sedition Acts and later the Hartford Convention but the beliefs did not go away and political divisiveness was as strong as ever) Slavery issue still lurked (1808 law banned the International Slave Trade but not the Domestic Slave Trade think about natural reproduction) Sectionalism (excessive devotion to local interests above that of the country) was continuing to grow thus further dividing the country especially the North and South - a trend emerged in the early 1800s to settle past the Allegheny Mountains and Ohio River - life on the frontier was miserable for most settlers (for the most part, settlers on their own) - positives to expansion allowed the nation to expand economically and accommodate a huge population growth - negatives to expansion (very little guidelines, most of the frontier not accurately scouted, clashes with Native Americans intensified) - Ecological Imperialism (coined by George Catlin)---killing of beavers, bison, sea otters, etc. and exploiting the land...catlin proposed the creation of National Parks to protect and preserve land and resources (a precedent for future conservation efforts) 6
7 Louisiana Purchase (1803) - The U.S. purchased the Louisiana Territory from France for $15 million, doubling the size of the U.S. and giving the U.S. full control of the Mississippi River. - President Jefferson struggled with the decision due to his strict interpretation of the Constitution but ultimately authorized the purchase. Lewis and Clark expedition ( ) - Expedition to explore the Louisiana Territory led by Meriwether Lewis and William Clark. - Jefferson handpicked Lewis and Clark to lead the expedition and took a deep interest in the discoveries made during their exploration. Economic Expansion and Development (Market Revolution aka the 1st Industrial Revolution) Introduction to Economics (Basic Terms) Supply and Demand Relationship - supply and demand is the most fundamental part of a free market economy - Supply refers to how much (quantity) the market can offer - Demand refers to how much (quantity) of a product or service is desired by consumers *when supply exceeds demand, the value of the good and/or service decreases *when demand exceeds supply, the value of the good and/or service increases Inflation and Deflation Inflation - Economic condition in which too much money is in circulation resulting in an increase in the price of goods and services thus decreasing the value of money - debtors prefer rapid inflation because in the short term it will, in theory, ease their fixed debt - ultimately, high inflation is bad for everyone that is a part of the economy Deflation - Economic condition in which not enough money is in circulation resulting in a decrease in the price of goods and services thus increasing the value of money - creditors prefer deflation simply because they have the money (higher interest rates can be charged) - ultimately, deflation is bad for everyone that is a part of the economy Hard Money (Specie) and Soft Money (Paper) Hard Money- precious metal such as gold and silver. Hard money is inherently deflationary due to its limited quantity Soft Money- paper currency that is backed by something of value like precious metal. Soft money is inherently inflationary (in theory, endless amounts of paper money could be printed) *Shays Rebellion (1780s) truly started the debate between hard money and soft money advocates Gold Standard The economic principle that All currency in circulation must be backed by a certain amount of precious metal - Strict gold standard (using only gold to back currency) - Limited gold standard (bimetallism----gold and silver to back currency) Market economy - Economic system based on the unregulated buying and selling of goods and services. - Prices are ultimately determined by the forces of supply and demand 7
8 Albert Gallatin - Treasury secretary under Thomas Jefferson who favored limited government and reduced the federal debt by cutting government spending. To a certain extent, this approach was in opposition to Hamilton s Financial Plan. Embargo Act (1807) - In order to pressure Britain and France to accept neutral trading rights and cease interfering with U.S. trade on the high seas, Jefferson issued a government-ordered ban on international trade. The Embargo went into effect in 1808 and closed down virtually all U.S. trade with foreign nations. This act devastated the U.S. economy but in the long term helped facilitate the growth of a manufacturing sector in the economy. American System (1815) - Henry Clay s proposal to make the U.S. economically self-sufficient. The American System called for protective tariffs, internal transportation improvements at federal expense, and the creation of a Second Bank of the United States - Henry Clay was a Democratic-Republican who essentially was calling for the adoption of Federalist economic principles (refer back to Hamilton s Financial Plan) - Three Main Parts to Clay s American System 1. Strong Banking System (re-charter the Bank of the U.S nd Bank of the United States) Goal was to make credit available to all citizens 1 st Bank of U.S. ( ) 2 nd Bank of U.S. ( ) 2. Tariff to protect industry in the Northeast (Tariff of %, barely protective but 1 st one in U.S. History) -a result of the British flooding the U.S. market with cheap products in the post war years 3. Internal Improvements paid for by the Federal Government - network of roads and canals to improve transportation and trade - necessary to industrialize the county moving forward - the hope was to unify the country economically and politically - South would produce raw materials - West would produce food - North and East would produce manufactured goods - Debates ensued over whether internal improvements would benefit agriculture or industry, potentially favoring different sections and/or regions of the country Erie Canal ( ) - A 350-mile canal built by the state of New York that stretched from Buffalo to Albany. The canal revolutionized shipping in New York. Arguably, the most important of the internal improvements in the country at that time. Turnpikes - a road in which tolls were collected at gates set up along the road (think Beltway 8) - a major part of Clay s American System (internal improvements) National Road aka Cumberland Road (1811) - first significant road built in the U.S. at the expense of the federal government. The road stretched from the Potomac River near the Chesapeake Bay to the Ohio River. Baltimore and Ohio Railroad (1828) - first steam railroad commissioned in the U.S. - railroads ultimately became the primary mode of transportation fueling the U.S. economy throughout the mid to late 1800s and into the early 1900s. 8
9 Samuel Slater - Known as the Father of the American Industrial Revolution, Slater brought British textile technology to the United States and established the first fully functioning factory system. - also known as the Father of the American Factory System Cyrus McCormick - Developed the mechanical reaper in 1831, a machine that revolutionized farming by increasing crop yields and decreasing the number of field hands needed for the harvest (remember, workers are the greatest expense) John Deere - Invented the steel plow in 1837, which revolutionized farming - the steel plow broke up soil without the soil getting stuck to the plow (as happened with older wooden plows). - the steel plow will be critical to agricultural production as the country continued to expand west. Lowell system - A method of factory management that evolved in the textile mills of Lowell, Massachusetts, which were owned by the Boston Manufacturing Company and named in honor of the company s founder, Francis Lowell. - the Lowell system was the first example of a planned automated factory. Lowell s mills set precedent for future textile mills in the United States Lowell Mill Girls - young, single female workers who came to work in industrial corporations in Lowell, Massachusetts during the 1st industrial revolution in the United States. - By 1840, at the height of the Industrial Revolution, the textile mills had recruited over 8,000 women, who came to make up nearly seventy-five percent of the mill workforce. Eli Whitney Other Notable Items Cotton Gin (1793) - a machine that increased the speed at which seeds could be separated from cotton thus increasing the demand for cotton grown in the field thus increasing the need for slaves to work the cotton fields - contributed to the development of King Cotton in the American south prior to the Civil War Interchangeable parts - parts that were identical to one another and which could be substituted in the event of malfunction. Developed initially for the manufacturing of muskets. - contributed to the development of the mass production of goods Elections of 1800 and the only two elections in U.S. History to be decided by the House of Representatives when no candidate received the simple majority of Electoral votes Election of 1828 ( Revolution of 1828 ) - Andrew Jackson s election to the Presidency was symbolic of the Rise of the Common Man and a shift of the political center in the country from the Northeast to the West Antebellum - literally translated, the term Antebellum means before war but in U.S. history it means before the Civil War - a term used to describe an era in United States history from roughly the word Antebellum must serve as context to this time period regardless of what it is used to describe (Antebellum south, Antebellum economy, Antebellum women, and so on.) 9
10 Period Four, Part Two (Contextualization, Turning Points, etc.) space intentionally left blank 10
11 Supporting Evidence for Significant Topics (Period 4, Part Two) Significant Individuals Elections John Quincy Adams - Minister/Ambassador to multiple foreign countries - U.S. Senator from Massachusetts - Secretary of State under President Monroe (formulated the policy that became known as the Monroe Doctrine) - President ( ) - served in the House of Representatives ( ) John C. Calhoun - one of the original War Hawks elected to the House of Representatives in served as Secretary of War, Secretary of State, U.S. Senator, and Vice President - South Carolina political leader who defended slavery and advocated the doctrine of nullification, a policy in which a state could nullify a federal law. - a Democrat and eventually a member of the Whig Party from the south Daniel Webster - served in the House of Representatives, the U.S. Senate, and as Secretary of State - Massachusetts political leader who advocated a strong Union of states and thought the doctrine of nullification was a threat to the preservation of the Union. - a Federalist and eventually a member of the Whig Party from the northeast Henry Clay - one of the original War Hawks elected to the House of Representatives in served as Secretary of State and and as a U.S. Senator - established an economic system known as the American System in the years following the War of Political leader from Kentucky and leading member of the Whig Party who worked to keep the Union together through a series of compromises thus earning the nickname The Great Compromiser Andrew Jackson - served in the U.S. House of Representatives ( ) - served as a U.S. Senator ( , ) - Justice on the Tennessee Supreme Court ( ) - gained national fame for his defeat of the British at the Battle of New Orleans at the end of the War of led U.S. forces during the First Seminole War in Florida ( ) - President ( ) Nicholas Biddle - served as President of the 2nd Bank of the United States - he and Andrew Jackson had a personal and professional conflict that, in part, led to The Bank War which ultimately caused the destruction of the 2nd Bank of the United States in the mid 1830s. Election of 1824 aka the Corrupt Bargain - presidential election held in 1824, in which John Quincy Adams was elected by the House of Representatives after Andrew Jackson won the most popular and electoral votes but failed to receive an electoral majority - Jackson supporters argued that a Corrupt Bargain had been struck between Henry Clay and John Quincy Adams. Supposedly Henry Clay (Speaker of the House) used his influence to sway support in the house toward Quincy Adams and in return Quincy Adams named Henry Clay Secretary of State. 11
12 Election of 1828 aka the Revolution of presidential election held in 1828, in which Democrat Andrew Jackson defeated National Republican John Quincy Adams - symbolized the rise of the common man and a shift of the political center in the country from the east to the west Democrats - evolution of Jefferson s Democratic-Republican Party - Political party that brought Andrew Jackson into office in Democrats supported Jeffersonian ideas of limited government, drawing its support from the common man. Jeffersonian vs. Jacksonian Democracy Jeffersonian Democracy believed that capable, well educated leaders should govern in the people s interest. Jacksonian Democracy believed that the PEOPLE should manage government affairs. Jeffersonian Democracy reflected a chiefly agricultural society. Jacksonian Democracy reflected an agricultural AND rising industrial society Jeffersonian Democracy limited democracy to chiefly its political aspects. Jacksonian Democracy expanded democracy beyond political aspects to include social and economic aspects as well Whig Party - Political Party created in 1834 as a coalition of anti-jackson political leaders - members were very diverse with support coming from the north, south, and west - the glue that held the Whig Party together was their hatred of Andrew Jackson - many internal divisions existed within the party and eventually the party disintegrated over the issue of slavery in 1852 Election of considered the first modern election in the history of the country - mudslinging, party conventions, parades, written party platforms, banners, meet and greet sessions, buttons, slogans (e.g. political slogan Tippecanoe and Tyler Too ) Jacksonian Democracy Jacksonian Era or Democracy ( )----this refers to the general political beliefs of this entire time period (regardless of the President or political party) President Jackson ( )----this refers to Jackson s time as President and obviously includes the general political beliefs of the Jacksonian Era but also includes Jackson s actions as President. Jacksonian Era or Democracy (major characteristics) Many interpretations of Jacksonian Democracy (some see it as democracy gone wild, others see it as defending and fighting for the common man ) New version of Democracy - extension of democracy (socially, politically and economically) to the common man---more perceived power will lead to greater political participation - encouraged voting for all citizens (white males---removal of property qualifications) which resulted in very high election turnout % % % Great expansion of Executive branch power and influence at the expense of the Legislative and Judicial branches of government 12
13 5 main guiding principles found during the Jacksonian Era 1. strict construction (constitution) 2. laissez-faire ( hands off ) government approach to the economy 3. Patronage----spoils system 4. Manifest Destiny 5. Expanded Suffrage (white males only) Changing politics in the Jacksonian Era - Emergence (permanent) of the two party system - Modern political tactics utilized especially during campaigns Nullification Crisis ( ) Tariff of 1828 aka Tariff of Abominations - a tariff with such high rates that it created tension between northerners and southerners - the tariff issue was one of many contentious issues that created divisions between the north and south that ultimately culminated in a Civil War ( ) South Carolina Exposition - secretly written by Vice President John C. Calhoun - argued that South Carolina should nullify the Tariff of 1828 because it unfairly benefited northern industrial interests at the expense of southern agrarian interests (essentially a defense of states rights) - the theory of nullification was originally based upon Jefferson and Madison s Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions which were originally based upon Locke s Compact Theory South Carolina Nullification Crisis - After South Carolina declared the federal tariff null and void, President Jackson obtained a Force Bill to use military action against South Carolina to collect the delinquent taxes - the crisis ended with a compromise, proposed by Henry Clay, to lower tariffs over an extended period of time. - the Nullification Crisis foreshadowed a coming Civil War that would occur roughly 30 years later Bank War ( ) Second Bank of the United States (1816) - privately owned bank that operated as both a commercial bank and fiscal agent for the U.S. government. - the Second Bank of the U.S was established in 1816 under a charter that was supposed to last twenty years ( ) Nicholas Biddle - served as President of the 2nd Bank of the United States - he and Andrew Jackson had both a personal and professional conflict that, in part, led to The Bank War Destruction of the Second Bank of the United States (1833) - President Jackson, who thought the Bank of the U.S. represented special interests at the expense of the common man, ordered federal deposits placed in state banks ( pet banks ) to deplete the funds of the national bank thus destroying it. - Jackson s destruction of the 2nd Bank of the U.S. indirectly led to the Panic of 1837 which was one of the worst economic crises in the history of the country 13
14 Native Americans Indian Removal Act (1830) - law that ordered the removal of all Indian tribes from east of the Mississippi River for resettlement in the West on Indian Lands Worcester v. Georgia (1832) - a Supreme Court ruling that declared a state did not have the power to enforce laws on lands that were not under state jurisdiction - Chief Justice John Marshall wrote that the state of Georgia did not have the power to remove Indians since the reservations were a creation of the Federal Congress Indian Territory (present day Oklahoma) - location of land for the resettlement of Native Americans Trail of Tears - forced march of the Cherokee people from Georgia to Indian Territory in the winter of 1838 resulting in the deaths of thousands of Cherokee men, women, and children. Seminole War ( ) ( ) - the Seminole Indians of Florida opposed removal and resisted U.S. troops in two separate, violent wars. 2 nd Great Awakening and Reform Movements Second Great Awakening - an upsurge in religious activity that began around 1800 and lasted through the early 1840s that was characterized by emotional revival meetings. - the Second Great Awakening led to several reform movements (education, prison/asylum, temperance, abolition, women s rights, etc.) designed to make life better in this world sought to improve American society as a whole. Charles Finney - Presbyterian minister who is credited with starting the Second Great Awakening and is known as the Father of Modern Revivalism. - Finney publicly advocated for the abolition of slavery and equal education for women and African Americans. Prison/Asylum Reform (Dorothea Dix) - Dorothea Dix was a pioneer in the movement for special treatment of the mentally ill. - the movement brought attention to the conditions in prisons/asylums and sought to improve the treatment of those who resided there. Education Reform (Horace Mann) - Massachusetts educator who called for publicly funded education for all children. - the roots of Federal support for public education can be traced back to the Land Ordinance of 1785 but Horace Mann and his supporters sought greater government involvement in public education across the United States. Utopian communities - idealistic reform movement based on the belief that a perfect society could be created and achieved on Earth. - significant Utopian experiments were established at New Harmony, Indiana, Brook Farm, Massachusetts, and Oneida Community in New York. Temperance/Prohibition - the push for the regulation and in some instances the prohibition of alcohol - temperance supporters felt that alcohol consumption could be blamed for the ills of American society - Neal Dow, Mayor of Portland, Maine, is considered to be the Father of Prohibition after he successfully fought for the passage of the Maine Liquor Law which prohibited the sale of alcohol except for medicinal purposes. 14
15 Abolition - the struggle for the emancipation of slaves and the outlawing of the institution altogether - the first state to gradually outlaw slavery was Pennsylvania in 1780 but by the mid 1800s, Massachusetts became the center of the abolitionist movement - by the 1850s, with a renewed debate regarding the extension of slavery into the western territories, the abolitionist movement became the focus of all reformers and other reform movements were temporarily put on the back burner. Women s Rights (Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Lucretia Mott, Susan B. Anthony) American Culture Republican Motherhood - a view of womanhood after the American Revolution that stressed the importance of women in raising children with republican virtues such as patriotism and honor - while still not provided suffrage (right to vote), women were tasked with the important role of ensuring that the ideals and values of the revolutionary era would continue to be passed from one generation to the next. Cult of Domesticity (contrast with Republican Motherhood) - a belief that emerged post War of 1812 that a woman s proper role in life was found in domestic pursuits (raising children, taking care of a home, etc.) - to many women, the Cult of Domesticity seemed to be a step backward in the evolution of women s rights especially considering the important role of Republican Motherhood that preceded it. Seneca Falls Convention (1848) - the first official convention in America for women s rights held in Seneca Falls, New York (in part, a response to the Cult of Domesticity ) - the convention is considered to be the true beginning of the women s rights/ suffrage movement and a turning point in the struggle for equality - leaders at the convention issued a Declaration of Sentiments that called for equality for women (modeled off of the Declaration of Independence) Elizabeth Cady Stanton - advocate of women s rights, including the right to vote, who organized (with Lucretia Mott) the first women s rights convention at Seneca Falls, NY Frances (Franny) Wright - Scottish-born woman who became a vocal advocate as a U.S. citizen for racial equality, equality for women, birth control, and open sexuality Lydia Maria Child - American writer who created novels and domestic manuals that attacked male dominance and white supremacy. She was also an abolitionist, Indian rights activist, and opponent of American expansionism Neoclassicism - a revival in architecture and art in the late 1700s and early 1800s that was inspired by Greek and Roman models Hudson River School ( ) - the first true school of painting in the U.S. that attracted artists who were rebelling against neoclassicism (Hudson River artists primarily painted American landscapes) Transcendentalism - Philosophical and literary movement that believed God existed within human beings and in a state of nature (Transcendentalists believed intuition was the highest source of knowledge not an authority figure) - many transcendentalists protested actions of the U.S. Government especially as it related to the Mexican American War and expansion of slavery into the western territories 15
16 Ralph Waldo Emerson - Philosopher, writer, and poet who became a central figure and leader in the American transcendentalist movement Henry David Thoreau - Writer and naturalist who became America s best known transcendentalist John James Audubon - Naturalist and painter who became well-known for his attempt to document all types of American birds (the Audubon Society ) Westward Expansion Talmadge Amendment (1819) - an amendment to a statehood bill for Missouri that would have banned slavery from Missouri - the amendment created a deadlock in Congress that led to the passage of the Missouri Compromise Missouri Compromise (1820) - law proposed by Henry Clay ( Great Compromiser ) admitting Missouri to the U.S. as a slave state and Maine as a free state - the law also banned slavery in the Louisiana Territory north of latitude 36º30 Manifest Destiny - a belief that the U.S. was destined and ordained by God to expand across the North American continent from coast to coast Annexation of Texas (1845) - through a joint resolution of Congress, the U.S. annexed and granted statehood to the Republic of Texas, an independent nation that had won its independence from Mexico in 1836 Oregon Treaty (1846) - after years of conflict over ownership of the Pacific Northwest, the U.S. and England established the boundary at the 49º latitude - the treaty caused protests from those that believed that the boundary should be at the 54º latitude ( 54 40' or fight became the protest slogan) Mexican-American War ( ) - war caused by a territorial dispute between the U.S. and Mexico that led to Mexico ceding large amounts of territory to the U.S. (the Mexican Cession) Mexican Cession (1848) - the region of the present-day southwestern United States that Mexico ceded to the U.S. in the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (see map on the next page) Mexican American War Mini Q space intentionally left blank 16
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18 Economic Crises Panic A condition of extreme concern in financial circles that is prompted by unwise governmental policy or the overly liberal extension of credit and loans. Often accompanied by bank runs in which depositors compete to withdraw funds from financial institutions. Panics are often followed by dropping prices, restricted credit, bank and business failures, unemployment and sometimes depression. Major Panics in U.S. History 1819, 1837, 1857, 1873, 1893, 1907 Recession The short period centering on the peak of a business cycle; the start of business contraction. A period of general economic decline; specifically, a decline in GDP (Gross Domestic Product) for two or more consecutive quarters. Major Recessions in U.S. History 1937, 2008 Depression A sustained recession. A period during which business, employment, and stock market values decline or remain at a low level of activity. A period during which business activity drops significantly. High unemployment rates and deflation often accompany a depression. Major Depressions in U.S. History , 1930s Panic of Financial panic that began when the Second Bank of the U.S. tightened credit and recalled government loans Panic of Economic collapse caused primarily by President Jackson s destruction of the Second Bank of the United States. Debates over the tariff and internal improvements - Northerners generally favored higher tariffs and internal improvements at federal expense - Southerners generally opposed higher tariffs and internal improvements at federal expense (truly a states rights argument) Immigration and Nativism in Antebellum America Contributing Factors (led to an increase in immigration to the U.S.) - the 1st Industrial Revolution or what is also called the Market Revolution created a need for relatively cheap labor - the abundance of land and perceived opportunity in the United States attracted many immigrants 1830s-1850s Immigration (Irish and Germans) Old Immigrants Irish immigrants , 4 million immigrated to the U.S. - stereotyped by Americans to be poor, Catholic, drunks - Worked worst jobs (e.g. digging canals) - shared basement of social ladder with free blacks - Americans feared that they would become a public charge 18
19 German Immigrants , 5 million immigrated - some wealthy, mostly Protestant - settled in the Midwest - assimilated and succeeded rather easily - most successful in maintaining their ethnicity Nativism In general, a fear of immigrant influence on American life (has occurred and continues to occur today in America) led to cultural clashes between Americans and newly arriving immigrants (e.g. Protestant vs. Catholic) mob violence against Catholics (e.g. burning of churches) drinking habits of both Germans and Irish fueled the temperance movement (prohibition of alcohol) Know Nothing Party (aka Order of the Star Spangled Banner) - secret Anti-Catholic society - wanted restrictions put on immigration and naturalization Other Notable Items Monroe Doctrine - President Monroe s unilateral declaration that the Americas would be closed to any further European colonization - the doctrine also stated that the U.S. would not allow European interference in the affairs of the Western Hemisphere. Sectionalism (definition) - the excessive devotion to ones state or region over the country as a whole - one of the leading causes of the Civil War Independent Treasury Bill - passed by Congress in 1840, the government would hold its revenues rather than deposit them in banks, thus keeping the funds away from private corporations such as the Bank of the United States - primarily a result of the Bank War and the Panic of the Independent Treasury existed in some form from roughly Webster-Ashburton Treaty (1842) - treaty between the U.S. and Great Britain that established the border between Canada and northeastern Maine Use the following link to access short audio/video summaries by Period of study. These short summaries (approximately 6-12 minutes would be great to utilize prior to cumulative tests) Use the following link to access study terms by Period of study. A useful tool not only throughout the year but also in preparation for the AP Exam. Use the following link to access entertaining, fast paced summaries of 48 different topics in United States History list=pl8dpuualjxtmwmepbjtsg593eg7obzo7s 19
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