Nationalism, Economic Revolution, and Social Change

Transcription

1 Nationalism, Economic Revolution, and Social Change

2 Nationalism and Economic Growth By 1815, following the end of The War of 1812, America had shown: That it could defend its sovereignty against European nations Jackson's victory in New Orleans spawned a wave of American nationalism The Federalist Party was essentially dead, allowing the Democratic-Republicans to implement new economic development goals Madison asked for a protective tariff following the end of the war between Britain and France Congress passed the Tariff of 1816, on imported goods to protect American-made producers from competition with the flood of British goods after the war Most previous tariffs were primarily to make money for the federal government The tariff generally had wide American support, even in the South, and was also used to finance roads and canals

3 Early Industrialisation The Industrial Revolution began during the late 18th century in Britain, made it to America during the early 19th century Industrialisation generally consisted of technological innovations and organizational changes Technological innovation included thing such as steam engines and other mechanical devices that made it easier to produce goods than by hand Organizational changes included the shift to factories and away from homes and farms to consolidate production

4 Early Industrialisation Revolution in Transportation - James Watts invented the steam engine in Britain in During the early 19th century inventors used the steam engine to power ships and locomotives, drastically lowering transportation costs and travel times. First ships powered entirely by steam crossed the Atlantic in 1838 First public railway in Britain in 1830

5 Early Industrialisation The Market Revolution - the changeover in the market due to the changes from manual to machine labor, helped by the addition of transportation, and a focus on factories. First American textile (fabric) mill built in Rhode Island in 1791 by Samuel Slate First American Factory built in Pawtucket 1793 by Samuel Slater Focused on using spinning jennies to make yarn Before the 1860s much of North America s Industry focused on food and lumber By the end of the 19th century the focus had shift toward the the s teel and iron industries Most early factories were concentrated along the Northeastern coast of the United States due to populations and locations favorable to trade. Boston, Washington D.C., New York break-of-bulk : transferring cargo from one type of carrier to another

6 Eli Whitney and the Cotton Gin Processing cotton was difficult and time consuming, due to the need to remove seed by hand. Whitney s Cotton Gin quickly and easily separated the seeds from of the cotton. Allowed for the growing, selling, and usage of cotton on a much larger scale. Increased the demand for slaves. Cotton became the South s primary crop. King Cotton By the 1840 s the South produced 2/3s of the world s cotton. The demand for cotton from textile factories was already high, this just increased demand and production. Textile factories were located primarily in the Northeast and Midwest, while the South remained primarily rural.

7 Roads, Canals, and Railroads During the early 19th century the federal and state governments started charting private companies to build turnpikes (toll roads) in well settled areas. By 1830 the Middle Atlantic States chartered over 900 road companies. Congress authorized the National Road in 1811 which ran from Cumberland, Maryland to Vandalia, Illinois by 1839 Effective for helping settling to the West, but less effective for commerce. Robert Fulton introduced steamboat travel on the Hudson River in 1807, paving the way for steamboats on the Mississippi by Steamboats common by 1830 The construction of the Erie Canal from was one of the most important components of the transportation revolution of the early 19th century The canal was 363 miles long (the previous longest was 28) Connected markets in the Great Lakes to New York Shorted the trip from New York to Buffalo from 20 to 6 days

8 Roads, Canals, and Railroads First railroad in America began near Baltimore in 1830 Tom Thumb Just 13 miles long First long distance line in South Carolina in miles ,000 miles of railroad track in the United States ,000 miles of railroad track in the United States, more than the rest of the world combined. Samuel Morse put the telegraph into commercial operation in 1844, revolutionizing communications. 50,000 mile of telegraph wire across the country by 1860

9 Population Growth and Movement As the national economy grew, so did the population Many new states admitted to the Union : Ohio, Louisiana, Indiana, Mississippi, Illinois, Alabama, Main, Missouri Rise of the West - Constant stream of migration to the West 9.6 million in million in 1845 cheap land, often $1.25-$2 an acre squatters rights recognized in 1841 Following a military conflict with Spain, Spain was persuaded to sell Florida to the United States in the Adams-Onis Treaty of 1819.

10 Population Growth and Movement Between 1815 and 1860 railroads and canals continued to link the Northwest and the Midwest, increasing the solidarity of the two regions through trade and transportation. John Deere is a good example of Midwestern manufacturing Produced steel plows starting in 1837 Opened a factory in 1847 Led to increasing industry and other mass produced agricultural products such as reapers. Greatly increased Midwest grain production and export to foreign markets The South continued to focus on Cotton, and lacked the industrialization of the Northeast and Midwest

11 Urbanization The market revolution led to a dramatic population shift to the cities, as well as growth American cities with populations exceeding 5,000 People living in American cities or towns of more than 2, , ,844, over 6 million Occurred mostly in the Northeast and Midwest Atlantic seaports that were the center of foreign trade also became centers for finance and manufacturing. Immigrant labor - Irish and German

12 Urbanization The Factory System and Factory Towns Centralizing machinery near production areas Workers doing specialized tasks Towns were sometimes created around a factory to maximize production Such as Lowell near Boston Managers directly supervised and disciplined workers Incorporated in 1836 Specialized in Textiles By 1850 had 52 mills for producing textiles Interchangeable Parts Previously most machine parts and tools were custom made and made to order Consisted of identical parts which could be replaced as needed Allows for standardization of machines, tools and equipment Needed for the complex machines to run factories Embraced by Eli Whitney while manufacturing muskets

13 Urbanization Western cities began to grow at phenomenal rate during the 1830s and 1840s Detroit and St. Louis became centers of commerce, providing essential services to surrounding farms, merchants, and the rural population. Chicago became the largest of the western cities, acting as a rail hub for farming goods to be gathered and shipped East by railroad. Western cities became critical links between western farmers and eastern markets. Increasing sale of crops and animals by farmer led to higher farming incomes, which in turn lead to higher demand for manufactured goods, leading to more manufacturing in Midwestern cities. Increasing manufacturing led to urban issues including: tenements, wage inequality, poor police protection, and inadequate water, sewage, and garbage disposal.

14 Urbanization

15 Public Schools No public schools outside of New England Every state offered some public education to urban white children. Horace Mann - Massachusetts State Board of Education Advocated free universal education as a tool to provide better opportunities to the urban poor, including immigrants. Public schools could provide a common American identity. Hoped education could narrow gap between the rich and poor. Black students generally ignored. First state sponsored universities were in the South. University of North Carolina 1795 University of Virginia 1819

16 Immigration Between 1830 and 1860 approximately 5 million people immigrated to the United States Almost 2 million Irish migrated to the United States during the 1840s due to the potato famine in Ireland. In % of the white population of the United States was foreign-born. Largest groups were Irish and German. Largest non-european group were the Chinese with 41,000 entering in the 1850s. Generally poor. Took low paying urban jobs. Established large communities in Easter urban areas. Most German immigrants were craftsmen, shopkeepers, or educated refugees. Generally had more wealth, and were more readily welcomed into existing communities than the Irish. Many moved West into Pennsylvania and other rural areas.

17 Immigration

18 Immigration Most Irish and some Germans who immigrated to America were Roman Catholic. Nativists - Americans who feared the impact of immigrants on American culture and politics The large majority of American were Protestant. blamed immigrants for various problems such as crime, corruption, and stealing native jobs. The Irish were primarily targeted. The American Party was formed in 1854 with the express purpose of reserving political office for native born Americans and keeping the Catholic Church suppressed from public life. Had wide success in the 1854 elections, winning the governor s seat, the legislature, and many mayor s seats in Massachusetts. Also known as the Know Nothings due to meeting in secret and saying I know nothing to questions regarding their meetings.

19 Black American and Economic Opportunity Most new opportunities from the market revolution were not open to free black Americans. Most free blacks lived in poor sections of Eastern cities, and were occasionally subjected to white mobs. Many of their opportunities resulted from black institutions, such as local churches, that focused on serving the needs of local black communities. Many northern free blacks were skilled craftsmen, but were often barred from various employment, and only received the lowest paying jobs. Moving West was not generally an available option. Federal law forbid access to public lands. Indiana, Illinois, Iowa, and Oregon prohibited entry. As a result nearly all blacks moving West were slaves.

20 Social Class Distinctions In the South, social class distinctions remained primarily based upon land ownership. In the North, the wealthiest people were often the owners of large factories and businesses. Opportunities to become wealthy were increasing, but often were risky and required a large amount of money for initial costs. The Factory System created a strict division between workers and management. Managers often became part of the middle class. Workers received low wages. Child workers were common. Workers often had to spend ⅔-¾ of their wages on food. Workers generally received little protection or warnings in hazardous environments, leading to many accidents and injuries.

21 Social Class Distinctions Major changes in family life due to the separation of the workplace from family life. Cult of Domesticity - The new way women were often viewed in relation to the home. Many family members were often gone all day, working in factories. Working class wives often worked to provide a second income to survive. Middle and upper class husbands often took pride in the fact that their wives did not need to work. The chief goal of women was to provide a private refuge for men at home after long day at work. Men were often interested in leisure activities depending on their classes. Self improvement and reading for the wealthy, and going to pubs for workers. Women were also often responsible for managing the finances, correspondence, and maintaining their status as paragons of virtue. The gap between the rich and poor continued to grow. Accentuated regional differences.