The Early Republic

Transcription

1 The Early Republic

2 Essential Questions What challenges faced the new nation under the Constitution? How did the first American political parties emerge? How did the Supreme Court establish its decisive role in American life? How did American social and economic life change? How did the United States conduct its relations with other nations?

3 George Washington Inaugurated as nations first president Guided the new government by the ideas expressed in the Constitution to create a functioning federal republic. Faced several challenges.

4 Washington s Domestic Policy Domestic policy refers to government policies dealing with conditions within the nation (home). Define a new central government created cabinets Create a stable economic system fix the nations debt Build a military Maintain national security

5 George Washington s Cabinet A cabinet is a group of people that gives advice to the president. Secretary of War-Henry Knox Secretary of State-(deal with foreign affairs) Thomas Jefferson Secretary of the Treasury-Alexander Hamilton Attorney General-(National Lawyer) Edmond Randolph The cabinet created a precedent an action followed by others afterwards.

6 Alexander Hamilton s Economic Plan As a result of the American Revolution, the national government owed $54 million How to solve the economic problems: Repay the Debt National Bank System Whiskey Tax Protective Tariff Tariff tax on imported foreign good which would protect American industries from foreign competition.

7 Quickwrite Imagine you are a representative in Congress in Write a speech either for or against Hamilton s financial plan.

8 Rise of Political Parties Thomas Jefferson strongly opposed Hamilton s Economic Plan which gave rise to America s first political parties.

9

10 The Whiskey Rebellion at Hamilton s urging, Congress imposes direct tax on whiskey Farmers rebel in western Pennsylvania & refuse to pay tax GW leads 12,000 troops to put down rebels Significance- firmly established authority of new government Washington clearly demonstrates commander-in-chief

11 APPLYING WHAT YOU HAVE LEARNED How were Shays Rebellion and the Whiskey Rebellion handled differently? Explain your answer.

12

13 During Washington s Presidency, the French Revolution became increasingly violent. The United States won its independence largely through military and financial support of France. Some French leaders thought it was time the Americans returned the favor to help out in this war. French Revolution Jefferson supported the French. Hamilton & Adams supported the British.

14 Washington s Foreign Policy Foreign policy concerns relations with other countries (away). Americans had mixed reactions about the French Revolution. Washington believed that being neutral with countries at war was the safest plan. There was nothing to gain and the U.S. military was weak. Proclamation of Neutrality (1793) The United States would avoid taking sides in any European conflict or becoming involved in any foreign war.

15 Washington believed America should not become entangled in the conflicts of foreign nations. His Proclamation of Neutrality stated this nation s position: It appears that a state of war exists between Austria, Prussia, Sardinia, Great Britain, and the Netherlands on the one part, and France on the other. The duty and interest of the United States require that they should adopt a conduct friendly and impartial toward the [warring] powers. I have thought fit to declare the position of the United States to observe a conduct towards those powers respectfully; and warn our citizens to avoid all acts which may in any manner tend to [go against] this position In your own words, describe Washington s Proclamation of Neutrality. Do you think Washington chose a wise policy? Explain your answer. Answer in a complete sentence and turn in.

16 Washington s Farewell Address What advice did Washington give the nation in his Farewell Address? What precedents were established by Washington s farewell address? How much different is America today? Beware the danger of Political Parties o Lead to division & weaken government. Work out differences o Change Constitution through Amendments. o Respect public opinion. Avoid the accumulation of debt o Don t force future generations to pay. Protect Independence o Avoid permanent alliances with foreign nations. Believed Presidents should only serve 2 terms -Presidents followed this precedent for 130 years

17 Bubble Map Presidency of George Washington Proclamation of Neutrality

18 John Adams Vice President to Washington 2 nd President of the United States Kept the U.S. out of war with England Federalist Lost 2 nd term to Thomas Jefferson

19 U.S. Supreme Court *Just before President John Adams left office, he appointed John Marshall as Chief Justice of the U.S. Supreme Court. *Chief Justice John Marshall issued a series of landmark cases. *The cases were: Marbury v. Madison McCulloch v. Maryland Gibbons v. Ogden

20 Supreme Court Decisions Marbury v. Madison (1803): established the principle of judicial review- that the Supreme Court can rule whether a law is constitutional. Increased power of the Supreme Court McCulloch v. Maryland (1819): Federal power over State power. States cannot interfere with federal institutions within their borders. Congress can exercise powers needed to carry out its duties and the federal law. Gibbons v. Ogden (1824): Congress can regulate commerce (trade) between the states.

21 Make this chart

22 Thomas Jefferson Democratic-Republican Revolution of 1800 Wanted close ties with France Bought Louisiana Purchase from France in Passed Embargo and Non-Intercourse Acts

23 Louisiana Purchase 1803 Doubled the size of the nation. Gave Americans full control of the Mississippi River. Meriwether Lewis and William Clark explored the new region with help from Sacagawea The start of westward expansion.

24 Louisiana Purchase 1803

25 The Embargo Act of 1807 War continued to rage between Britain and France. British ships started stopping U.S. ships to search for British navy deserters. Impressment (forced military service) took place. British soldiers captured Americans to serve on British ships. This put pressure on Jefferson to take action. To avoid war, Jefferson pushed the Embargo Act through Congress. The act prohibited American ships from trading with European nations.

26 Bubble Map Presidency of Thomas Jefferson Louis & Clark Expedition

27 James Madison th President of the U.S. Declared war on Britain British ships continue to seize U.S. ships. British troops in Canada encourage Native Americans to attack American settlements.

28 Americans are unsuccessful at invading Canada. The War of 1812 In retaliation, British troops occupy Washington, D.C. and burn down the White House.

29 American and British ships clashed in the Battle of Lake Erie. December 1814 peace treaty was signed. Britain will no longer search American ships and Americans promised to respect British Canada. The War of 1812 Americans proved they could protect their independence.

30

31 Impact of the War of 1812 The U.S. emerged with worldwide respect. Europeans do not interfere with American trade U. S. morale increased nationwide Canada and U.S. share the Great Lakes Spurred economic growth Lowell system placed all stages of manufacturing under one roof.

32 Make your own diagram showing the causes of the War of 1812 on one side and the effects of the war on the other side.

33 The Era of Good Feelings A period in which all Americans belonged to the same political party the Democratic-Republicans. The Federalist Party became unpopular, collapsed, and eventually dissolved by the end of the war. American nationalism, or pride in the nation, surged.

34 Purchase of Florida (1819) U.S. purchased Florida from Spain for $5 million.

35 ??? Slavery??? Slavery is still a major issue. Early American leaders imagined it would gradually die out. Eli Whitney s cotton gin in 1793 made it easier to remove seeds from cotton. The invention led to the spread of slavery. Should the territories of the Louisiana Purchase enter the Union as a free state or slave states?

36 Missouri Compromise of 1820 Henry Clay compromised that slavery was forbidden in the Louisiana Purchase north of the Missouri Compromise Line (36, 30). Except Missouri. One free state (Maine) & one slave state (Missouri) were admitted to keep balance.

37

38 James Monroe President during the era of good feelings Added Florida Believed in the idea of Manifest Destiny. Repeated nation s longstanding commitment to neutrality Issues the Monroe Doctrine

39 Monroe Doctrine 1823 Foreign policy that told Europeans to keep their hands off the Western Hemisphere. North America belongs to the U.S.

40

41 Assignment Create a political cartoon for an event that took place during the Era of Good Feelings. Your artwork is less important than the point you re trying to make. Suggested topics o Missouri Compromise (1820) o Monroe Doctrine (1823) o Gibbons v. Ogden (1824)