Who's the victim and who's to be blamed: Contemporary social perceptions of Italian Fascism
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1 + Who's the victim and who's to be blamed: Contemporary social perceptions of Italian Fascism A pilot study 1 University of Milano- Bicocca, Italy 2 University of Genova, Italy Silvia Mari 1, Federica Durante 1, Luca Andrighetto 2, & Chiara Volpato 1 silvia.mari@unimib.it
2 + Fascism Political movement founded by Mussolini in 1919 Rise to power in 1922 Promulgation of racial laws in 1938 Alliance with Nazi Germany 1939 and consequently entry in war
3 + Historical debate on Fascism The historiographical debate on the interpretations of Italian Fascism is still alive (Collotti, 2006; Corni, 2011; De Bernardi, 2006) Fascism has combined violence and atrocities, with social control and consensus construction The Italian public opinion had never had the chance for an historical reflection: government, except for a few acknowledgements, has never apologized for the crimes committed during the Fascist era
4 + Social psychology literature Rarity of guilt, shame and sense of responsibility (Leach, Zeinnedine, & Cehajic-Clancy, 2013) Colonialism: Mari, Andrighetto, Gabbiadini, Durante, & Volpato (2010) General focus on how to promote sense of responsibility (Cehajic-Clancy et al., 2011; Kofta & Slawuta, in press) Less attention to factors that may inhibit sense of responsibility
5 + Presentism People alter the historical record to make the ingroup actions justified and glorified, while deemphasizing episodes that may potentially damage the ingroup image (Butterfield, Frijda, 1997; Paris, 2000)
6 + What s left of Fascism? Myth of Italians good people (Del Boca 2005; Volpato, 2009; Volpato, Andrighetto, Gabbiadini, Durante, Volpato, 2012) The self-absolution that we generously gave us has left all the burden of Anti-Semitism and Shoah on Germans shoulders (LaRepubblica, 24 October 2013, p. 54; see Prosperi, 2012)
7 + What s left of Fascism? Who were the victims? Who was responsible? What is the contemporary evaluation of Fascism? Do contemporary Italians absolve the ingroup misdeeds because of the even more despicable Nazis behavior? " advantageous comparison? Positive distinctiveness?
8 + Aims of the research project Identifying the victims and which groups (or individuals) are considered as perpetrators for the Fascist misdeeds in the social perception of contemporary Italians " Pilot study Identifying which are the processes inhibiting the assumption of ingroup responsibility and preventing the guilt " Future research (correlational and experimental)
9 + Pilot study -Participants and procedure Websurvey Surveymonkey Research presented as a study on shared social images of historical events Convenience sample of Italian citizens: Males Females Total M Age (SD) Students (2.19) Non-students (14.57) Total (14.54) Education: 18.4% high school diploma; 50.9% MA (laurea)
10 + Participant political orientation 7- point scale: 1=Extreme Left-wing, 7=Extreme Right-wing Left-wing sample Political orientation Students Non-students Total 2.91 (1.46) 1.70 (1.01) 2.26 (1.38) p < A little close to right 7 Very close to right 4 Unsure 1 Very close to left 3 A little close to left 2 Quite close to left
11 + Measures IOS Scale (Aaron & Aaron, 1986) Inclusion of others in the Self " identification with the ingroup Me Italians Me Italians Me Italians Me Italians Me Italians Me Italians Me Italians Students Non-students Total IOS of Italians 4.80 (1.36) 4.05 (1.67) 4.29 (1.60) p <.01
12 + Measures Victims of Italian Fascism Open question " Focus on Italians view (not personal beliefs) According to Italians, which are the groups of people who suffered more, physically and psychologically, during Fascism Level of sufferance of the victims according to the Italian society 1 = not at all; 4 = on average; 7 = a lot
13 + Results Victims of Fascism Victims Frequency Level of sufferance M(SD) Students < Jews (0.99) Non-students Political opponents (1.24) Generic minorities (1.45) Homosexuals (1.81) Civilians (1.62) Women (1.62) Disabled people (1.23) Romani and Gypsies (2.21) Colonies (1.50) Intellectuals (1.27) Children (1.80) Soldiers (1.22) Fascists & Nazis (1.41) Linguistic minorities (1.77) Others (1.95) Students > Non-students
14 + Victims of Fascism Cluster analysis 7 Level of sufferance Jews Political opponents Disabled people Intellectuals Fascists & Nazis Homosexuals Women Soldiers Colonies Children Civilians Ethnic minorities Linguistic minorities Romani & Gypsies
15 + Measures Responsible people of the victims sufferance Thinking on the group who suffered, according to Italians, who is responsible for such sufferance? Level of responsibility of the victims sufferance according to the Italian society 1 = not at all; 4 = on average; 7 = a lot
16 Results Responsible of sufferance + Responsible people Frequency Level of culpability Fascists (1.25) Mussolini (1.00) Hitler (0.77) Students > Catholic Chruch (1.54) Non-students Italians Students < (1.75) Non-students Nazists (1.70) Government (generic) (1.06) Intellectual elite (1.63) King & Monarchy (1.30) Minorites (2.37) Army and police (generic) (1.88) Other countries (2.23) Political opponents (1.85) Others (1.44) =
17 + Perpetrators & bystanders Cluster analysis Lavel of responsibility Hitler Mussolini Government Fascists Nazis Italians King Cahtolic Church Econ & intell elites Foreigner countries Police Political opponents Minorities
18 + Measures Ingroup responsibility According to the Italian society, how much WE Italians are responsible for the sufferance of the indicated groups during Fascism? 1 = not at all; 4 = on average; 7 = a lot M = 3.99, SD = 1.55 No differences between subsamples
19 + Measures Negative events of Fascism Which are the aspects of Fascism that Italians consider negative? Level of negativity of such events according to the Italian society 1 = not at all negative; 4 = on average; 7 = extremely negative
20 Results Negative events of Fascism + Events Frequency Level of negativity Racial laws & persecution (1.21) Liberties oppression (1.20) Violence Students < ( 0.98) Non-students Dictatorship (1.35) War (1.27) Socioeconomic conditions (1.99) Alliance with Hitler (0.81) Ignorance (1.81) Colonialism (1.92) Nationalism and protectionism (1.55) Propaganda (1.25) Others (1.54)
21 Results Negative events of Fascism + Events Frequency Level of negativity Racial laws & persecution (1.24) Liberties oppression (1.20) Violence Students < ( 0.98) Non-students Dictatorship (1.35) War (1.27) Socioeconomic conditions (1.99) Alliance with Hitler (0.81) Anti-Semitism (0.96) Ignorance (1.81) Colonialism (1.92) Nationalism and protectionism (1.55) Propaganda (1.25) Others (1.54)
22 + Negative events of Fascism 7 Negativity of event Nationalism and protectionism Colonialism Racial laws & persecution Economic conditions Violence Alliance with Hitler Dictatorship Liberties oppression War Propaganda Ignorance
23 + Negative events of Fascism 7 Antisemitism Alliance with Hitler Negativity of event Nationalism and protectionism Colonialism Racial laws & persecution Socioeconomic conditions Violence Dictatorship War Propaganda Liberties oppression Ignorance
24 + Measures Positive events of Fascism Which are the aspect of Fascism that Italians consider positive? Level of positivity of such events according to the Italian society 1 = not at all positive; 4 = on average; 7 = extremely positive
25 Results Positive events of Fascism + Frequency Level of negativity Structural reforms (1.11) Social reforms (1.11) Law & order (1.21) Economic policies (1.04) Nationalism & protectionism (1.19) State efficiency (1.68) Power & machismo (0.95) Sport culture (1.34) Students < Colonialism Non-students (1.60) International image (0.99) Traditional values (0.82) Others (1.86)
26 + Positive events of Fascism 7 Positivity of the event Structural Traditional values Economic reforms Social reforms policies Nationalism Sport culture State efficiency Power & machismo Law & order International image Colonialism
27 + Measures Inclusion of Fascists in Italian ingroup Italians Fascists Italians Fascists Italians Fascists Italians Fascists Italians Fascists Italians Fascists Italians Fascists Italians- Fascists Students Non-students Total 3.45 (1.45) 4.32 (1.52) 3.91 (1.55) p <.01
28 + Measures IOS Scale (Aaron & Aaron, 1986) Inclusion of others in the Self " identification with Fascists Me Fascists Me Fascists Me Fascists Me Fascists Me Fascists Me Fascists Me Fascists M = 1.23, SD =.58 No differences between subsamples
29 + Summary Victims: Jews, political opponents Responsible people: Individuals: Mussolini, Hitler Groups: Fascists, Nazis Italians seem to be perceived more as bystanders Replicating the study with a Right-wing sample
30 + Future directions May (Ingroup) Moral disengagement inhibit ingroup responsibility and guilt? Moral disengagement addresses how otherwise good people can do cruel things. They do so through selective disengagement of moral self-sanctions from inhumane conduct (Bandura, 1999) Advantageous comparison: Italians, generally make an advantageous comparison with the Germans: the ingroup unethical behavior is compared with an even more harmful conduct, thus making the original behavior acceptable (group serving bias) The role of this mechanism and other strategies of moral disengagements will be tested in a series of studies both correlational and experimental
31 + Main hypotheses Mechanisms of moral disengagement Advantageous comparison: Italians, generally make an advantageous comparison with the Germans: the ingroup unethical behavior is compared with an even more harmful conduct, thus making the original behavior acceptable (group serving bias) The role of this mechanism and other strategies of moral disengagements will be tested in a series of studies both correlational and experimental
32 + Grazie
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