THE CONSOLIDATION OF NATION STATES AND INDUSTRIALIZATION FROM 1815 TO 1914 Nationalism and Socialism History of Politics and Economy: Book V

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1 THE CONSOLIDATION OF NATION STATES AND INDUSTRIALIZATION FROM 1815 TO 1914 Nationalism and Socialism History of Politics and Economy: Book V CONTENTS To the Readers vii-viii Table of Contents ix-xv List of Tables, Figures, Photos and List of Maps xvi-xx Introduction to Book V. The Consolidation of Nation States and Industrialization 1 Chapter I. Politics and Religion 5 1. The Concert of Europe: Reaction and Revolution, The Age of Nationalism and National Unification, The Growth of State Power and Imperialism, The Armed Forces and War in Europe. 5. Religion and Politics in Europe Chapter II. Economy and Society National Income and Patterns of Demand 2. Population in Europe 3. The Transformation of European Agriculture 4. Technological Progress and Industrial Revolution 5. Commerce with the New Territories and Transportation 6. Finance and Banking and the Industrial Revolution 7. Mass Society in the Age of Progress 8. The State and the Industrial Revolution: Country Studies Chapter III. Political Philosophy: The Rise of Liberalism Liberalism 2. Conservatism 3. Socialism and Marxism 4. Nationalism, Anarchism, and Fascism 5. Feminism, Ecologism, and Religious Fundamentalism 6. The Reaction against Metaphysical Idealism 7. Utilitarianism, British Idealism, and Pragmatism Chapter IV. Economic Thought: The Rise of Socialism John Stuart Mill 2. Karl Marx and his Critique of Classical Economics 3. Marginal Analysis 4. Alfred Marshall and Neoclassical Economics 5. Leon Walras and General Equilibrium Economics 6 Institutional and Historical Critics of Neoclassical Economics 7. Austrian Critiques of Neoclassical Economics: Socialism versus Capitalism 8, Socio-Cultural Evolution Chapter V. Summary and Conclusion 909 Appendix I. Summary of Oxford Handbook of Political Economy Index of Persons and Places and Index of Subjects 983 ix

2 Chapter I. Politics and Religion The Concert of Europe: Reaction and Revolution, I-1. The Conservative Order, The Reaction in Great Britain; the Restoration of France; Intervention in the Italian States and Spain; Repression in Central Europe; Russia Autocracy of the Tsars; the Revolts of Latin America; The Greek War of Independence; the Change of Ideologies I-2. Revolution and Reform, Transformation of the European States; The Revolution of 1848; Law Enforcement 2. The Age of Nationalism and National Unification, France under Napoleon III; Unification of Italy; Unification of Germany; The Austrian Empire toward a Dual Monarchy; the Russian Empire; Great Britain; United States; the Emergence of Canada; Japan s Response 3. The Growth of State Power and Imperialism, France, the Bourgeois Republic; British Political Changes; The German Empire; Spanish Political Changes; Political Scene in Italy; The Austro-Hungarian Empire; Russia, Tsarist Autocracy 3-1. Europe s World Supremacy and Imperialism 131 Nature and Causes of Imperialism; Imperialism in the Americas; The Dissolution of the Ottoman Empire; the Partition of Africa; Imperialism in Asia Holland, Britain, France, and Russia; Imperialism in Asia China and Japan; International Rivalry and New Crises 4. Armed Forces and War of European States 175 The Prussian Army The French Army The Royal Navy of Great Britain The Imperial Russian Army The United States Army and Navy 5. Religion and Politics in Europe 197 Protestant Europe; American Trends; Roman Catholicism; Russian Orthodox Church; Islamic Modernism and Revival; Jews and Anti-Semitism Endnotes and Suggestions for Further Reading 207 x

3 Chapter II. Economy and Society National Income and Patterns of Demand 233 The Growth of National Income; Patterns of Demand 2. Population in Europe 249 Population Growth; Mortality Rates; Birth Rates; Migration 3. The Transformation of European Agriculture 267 Agricultural Population; Geographical Changes; Ways and Means of the Agricultural Revolution; Specialization-Diversification and the Diffusion of New Techniques: Agriculture, Industrialization, and Economic Development 4. Technological Progress and the Industrial Revolution 285 Continental Emulation and the Industrial Development; The Textile Manufacture; Iron and Steel Industry; Steam Engine; Chemical Industry 5. Commerce with the New Territories and Transport 299 The Extension of Settlement and Trade in the United States: in Australia and New Zealand; in Canada; in Brazil and Argentine; 5-1. The Development of Transportation and Communication 323 The Industrial Revolution and Transportation ( ); Emergence of Modern Transportation System ( ) 6. Finance and Banking and the Industrial Revolution 331 The Emergence of Modern Banking; Industrialization and Banks in Great Britain; The History of Banks in France; Industrialization and Banks in Belgium; Industrialization and Banks in Germany; The Service Revolution 7. Mass Society in the Age of Progress, The Growth of Industrial Prosperity; The Industrial Bourgeoisie; The Working Class or the Proletariat; Social Structures in Mass Society 8. The State and the Industrial Revolution: Country Studies 367 Great Britain; France; Germany; Russia; the United States; Japan Endnotes and Suggestions for Further Reading 399 xi

4 Chapter III. Political Philosophy Liberalism 427 The Primacy of Individual; Government and Democracy; Classical Liberalism - James Madison, Alexis de Tocqueville, William Gladstone, Herbert Spenser; Modern Liberalism; Liberalism in the 21 st Century 2. Conservatism 459 General Characteristics; Forms of Conservatism; Conservatism in the 19 th Century 3. Socialism 471 The Meaning of Socialism; the Development of Socialism; Utopian Socialism; Revolutionary versus Evolutionary Socialism 3-1. Marxism: Background; Basic Concepts Socialist Theory after Marx 504 Marx-Leninism Lenin, Stalin; Social Democracy Ethical Socialism, Revisionist Socialism, Crisis of Social Democracy, New Revisionism 4. Nationalism, Anarchism, and Fascism 525 Origins of the State; History of Nationalism; Central Themes of Nationalism; Nationalism and Politics; Internationalism or Cosmopolitanism 4-1. Anarchism: Central Theme; Collective Anarchism; Industrial Anarchism 547 Theorists of Anarchism: Pacifists - Godwin, Proudhon, Tolstoy; Revolutionaries Bakunin, Kropotkin, Goldman, Nihilists; Individual Anarchists Max Stirner; Militant Civilian Militias 4-2. Fascism: Origins and Development; Fascist and Nazi Ideology Feminism, Ecologism, and Religious Fundamentalism 583 Origins and Development; Central Themes; Sex and Politics 5-1. Ecologism: History; Central Themes; Nature and Politics Religious Fundamentalism: Central Themes; Fundamentalisms Arts and Ideologies: Neoclassism; Romanticism; Realism; Modernism The Reaction against Metaphysical Idealism 615 Jakob Friedrich Fries; Johann Friedrich Herbart; Arthur Schopenhauer; Ludwig Feuerbach; Soren Kierkegaard; Friedrich Nietzsche 7. Utilitarianism and British Idealism 647 Jeremy Bentham; James Mill; James Stuart Mill 7-1. British Idealism Thomas Green, Francis Bradley, Bernard Bosanquet 669 Endnotes and Suggestions for Further Reading 673 xii

5 Chapter IV. Economic Thought and Other Developments John Stuart Mill and the Decline of Classical Economics 705 Principles of Political Economy: Book I. Production; Book II. Distribution; Book III. Exchange; Book IV. The Influence of the Progress of Society; Book V. The Influence of Government 2. Karl Marx and his Critique of Classical Economics 715 Das Kapital, Volume I. The Process of Production of Capital Das Kapital, Volume II. The Process of Circulation of Capital Das Kapital, Volume III. The Process of Capitalist Production as a Whole 3. The Foundations of Marginal Analysis 753 William Stanley Jevons ( ); Carl Menger ( ); The Austrian School; Principles of Economics Marginal Analysis of Jevons, Mengers, and Walras 3-1. The Transition to Neoclassical Economics: Marginal Analysis Extended 778 Marginal Productivity Theory; Profits and Interest; the Agents of Production; 4. Alfred Marshal and Neoclassical Economics 785 Principles of Economics: Book I. Preliminary Survey; II. Some Fundament Notions; III. On Wants and their Satisfaction: IV. The Agents of Production; V. General Relations of Demand, Supply, and Value; VI. The Distribution of National Income; Appendixes 5. Leon Walras and General Equilibrium Economics 805 General Equilibrium of Consumption; of Production; General Equilibrium of Exchange; of Social Welfare 5-1 Walrasian General Equilibrium Institutional and Historical Critics of Neoclassical Economics 829 Methodological Controversy: The Older, The Younger; The Youngest; Torstein Veblen; Wesley Clair Mitchel; John R. Commons; John A. Hobson 7. Austrian Critiques of Neoclassical Economics: Socialism versus Capitalism 847 Definition of Capitalism and Socialism; The Evolution of Austrian Thought; The Development of Socialist Economic Thought; Communism versus Socialism; 7-1. The Debate Concerning Economic Systems 857 Ludwig von Mises; Friedrich A. Hayek; Oscar R. Lange; Joseph A. Schumpeter 8. Socio-Cultural Evolution 871 Herbert Spencer; Auguste Comte; Lewis Henry Morgan; Lester Frank Ward; Max Weber: The Protestant Ethic; General Economic History; Economy and Society Endnotes and Suggestions for Further Reading 891 xiii

6 Chapter V. Summary and Conclusion 1. Summary 911 Politics and Religion; Economy and Society; Political Philosophy; Economic Thought 2. Conclusion 934 Interactions between Politics and Economy; Relations between Theory and Practice; Relations between Major Powers in Europe, Appendix: Oxford Handbook of Political Economy 947 Part I. Introduction; Part II. Votes, Candidates, and Pressure Groups; Part III. Legislative Bodies; Part IV. Interaction between Three Branches; Part V. Constitutional Theory; Part VI. Social Choice; Part VII. Public Finance; Part VIII. Politics and Macroeconomics; Part IX. Democracy & Capitalism; Part X. Historical & Comparative Development; Part XI. International Political Economy; XII. International Relations & Conflict; XIII. Methodological Issues; XIV. Old and New Endnotes and References 980 Photo Return from the Bear Hunt (1882) by William Hahn +Return+from+the+Bear+Hunt+1882.jpg, accessed 25 June 2016 xiv

7 LIST OF TABLES, FIGURES, AND PHOTOS Photo Return from the Bear Hunt (1882) by William Hahn Photo th-Century Landscape-Painters Photo I-0-1. The Congress of Berlin, 1878 Photo I-0-2. Diplomats at the Congress of Paris, 1856, settled the Crimean War Photo I-1-1. The End of the Congress of Vienna, 1814 Figure I-1-1. The Revolt of Latin America Photo I-1-2. The Naval Battle of Navarino painted by Garneray (1827) Photo I-1-3. What is an example of utopian socialism? Photo I-1-4. Romanticism (Art History) Photo I-1-5. Photo I-1-5. French Revolution of 1848 Photo I-1-6. Chartist Agitation, the Police Force on Bonner s Field, 1848 in London Photo I-1-7. The French Revolution of 1848: Barricades in Paris Photo I-2-1. Napoleon III, Emperor of the Second French Empire, reigned Photo I-2-2. Arrival of French Marshall Randon in Algiers in 1857 Photo I-2-3. Capture of Saigon by Charles Rigault de Genouilly on 18 February 1859 Photo I-2-4 Garibaldi Arrived in Sicily on May 11, 1860 Photo I-2-5. The Proclamation of the Foundation of the German Reich, 1871 Photo I-2-6. The Convergence of Prussian Leadership after the 1960s Photo I-2-7. Prussian troops marching past the Arc de Triomphe in Paris in January 1871 Photo I-2-8. Emperor Franz Joseph I of Austria (1905) Photo I-2-9. Alexander II of Russia by A. M. Wegner (1870s) Photo I Queen Victoria with Members and her Families Photo I Abraham Lincoln, 16th U.S. President ( ) Photo I The Canadian Nature in the Nineteenth Century Photo I Meiji Modernization Photo I Meiji Constitution Promulgation ( ) Photo I-3-1. The Battle of the First Carlist War ( ) in Spain Photo I-3-2. British Assault on Canton during the First Opium War, May 1841 Photo I-3-3. The Anglo-Boer Wars ( and ) Figure I-3-1. Imperialism: Europe, Africa, India, and Other Asia, Photo I-3-4. The Berlin Conference (1884) chaired by German Chancellor Otto von Bismarck Photo I-3-5. Mexican-American War Siege of Veracruz in Mexico by Troops Photo I-3-6. Panama Canal Photo I-3-7. The Russo-Turkish War, Photo I-3-8. The Opening of the Suez Canal on November 17, 1869 Photo I-3-9. The First Anglo-Sikh War, Photo I The First Sino-Japanese War: The Chinese Battleship Photo I The Balkan War, Retreat of the Turkish Army in Macedonia, 1912 Photo I-4-1. German Army around 1900 Photo I-4-2. The Royal Navy during Photo I-4-3. Karl von Clausewitz ( ) (Left) Photo I-4-4. Antoine Henri de Jomini ( ) (Right) Photo I-4-5. Alfred Thayer Mahan ( ) (Left) Photo I-4-6. Helmuth von Moltke the Elder ( ) (Right) Photo I-Bib-1. British political history in the 19th century essay Photo II-0-1. Opening of the Liverpool and Manchester Railway in 1830 Photo II-0-2. Manchester, England (Cottonpolis), pictured in 1840 Figure II-1-1. Gross Domestic Fixed Capital Formation (% of GDP) Figure II-2-1. World Population Growth, Photo II-2-1. Population: Westward Expansion in 19th Century America xv

8 Table II-2-1. The World Population, (in Millions) Table II-2-2. Estimated Population of European Countries, (in Millions) Table II-2-3. Annual Rates of Population Growth in European Countries, Table II-2.4. The Mortality Rate, , Selected Nations in Europe Table II-2-5. The Number of Survivors in Average out of 10,000 Born in France Table II-2-6. Life Expectancy (years in average) Figure II-2-2. Demographic Transition Overview: Birth Rate, Death Rate, Natural Increase Table II-2-7. The Birth Rates by Countries, Table II-2-8. The Proportion of Age Groups over 1,000 Inhabitants (France) Table II-2-9. The Proportion of Age Groups per 1,000 Inhabitants (Sweden) Photo II-2-2. Immigration, 19th Century Onwards Agricultural Workers Photo II-3-1. Threshing Machine Photo II-3-2. Agricultural Machine Plough pulled by Steam Engine, 19th Century Photo II-4-1. One-cylinder gasoline engine, c Photo II-4-2. The Crystal Palace in Hyde Park for Grand International Exhibition of 1851 Table II-4-1. Economic Development in Europe: Output or Capacity in 1850, 1860, and 1873 Photo II-4-3. Roberts Self-Acting Mule with Quadrant Gearing (Left) Photo II-4-4. Roberts Power Loom in a weaving shed in 1835 (Right) Table II-4-2. The Number of Looms in Great Britain, Selected Years Table II-4-3. Cotton Spindlage in Major Countries, Selected Years (in 1,000) Table II-4-4. Substitution of Mineral for Vegetable Fuel in Smelting Iron Photo II=4-5. A Rolling Mill in Operation in the Nineteenth Century Photo ii-4-6. Corliss Steam-engine Table II-4-5. Capacity of all Steam-engines (in 1,000 of horse power) Table II-4-6. Fixed Steam-engines and Capacity by Country Photo II-5-1. Merchant Ships fill San Francisco Harbor, Photo II-5-2. Australian Gold Diggings, by Edwin Stocqueler, c (Left) Photo II-5-3. Australian Merino Sheep (More than 80% of all Austrian sheep) (Right) Table II-5-1. Share of Major Brazilian Exports of Total Exports, (%) Photo II-5-4. The Automobile appeared at the Boston Automobile Show on 29 February 1912 Photo II-5-5. RMS Lusitania arriving in New York from Liverpool, England, in 1907 Photo II-5-6. The Sydney Express, circa 1900 Photo II-5-7. Aqueduct over the Mohawk River at Rexford Photo II-5-8. Code of Letters and Symbols for Chappe Telegraph (Left) Photo II-5-9. Stock Telegraph Ticker Machine by Thomas Edison (Right) Figure II-5-1. Modern Transport Geography Photo II-6-1. A Convertible Bank of Japan Note Photo II-6-2. Bank of England, interior view, Hall Table II-6-1. The Sectoral Change in the British Economy, Photo II-7-1. Rejection of 19th Century Bourgeois Society Photo II-7-2. The British Working-Class Movement to the 1926 General Strike Photo II-7-3. Female Slavery in Mines Photo II-7-4. A Victorian Slum: A Picture of the Seven Dials District of London in 1872 Photo II-7-5. Social Structures in Mass Society, 1870 Photo II-8-1. Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte by George Seurat Photo II-8-2. Steam Train on Tripoli, Lebanon, c Table II-8-1. Average Annual Net Investment in Prussia, Table II-8-2. The Development of Production in Russia (in million poods) Table II-8-3. Capital Stock by Sector (1913 Prices, million rubles) Photo II-8-3. Immigrants at Ellis Island early 1900 s waiting for their physical exam Photo II-8-4. Industrial Revolution in the United States of America Photo II-8-5. The Sino-Japanese War: Imperial Japanese Forces in Action xvi

9 Photo II-8-6. Nagasaki Giant Cantilever Crane in 1913 Photo II-8-7. The Most Striking Quality of Japan in the Meiji Restoration Photo III-0-1. European Imperialism on Africa: The Idea of Nationalism Table III-0-1. The Changing Spectrum of Specific Policies Table III-0-2. A Comparison of Political Spectrums Figure III-0-1. Marxists View of the History of the World s Economies Figure III-0-2. The Horseshoe Spectrum of Political Ideology Figure III-0-3. Two-Dimensional Spectrum of Political Ideology Photo III-1-1. James Madison, 4th President of the United States ( ) (Left) Photo III-1-2. William Ewart Gladstone, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom ( ) (Right) Photo III-1-3. Alexis de Tocqueville ( ) Photo III-2-1. Benjamin Disraeli, Speech in the House of Commons (5 February 1863) Photo III-2-2. Klemens von Metternich in 1815 (Left) Photo III-2-3. Otto von Bismarck in 1881 (Right) Photo III-3-1. Karl Marx (Left) and Friedrich Engels (Right) Photo III-3-2. Vladimir Lenin ( ) (Left) Photo III-3-3. Eduard Bernstein ( ) (Right) Photo III-3-4. Henri de Saint-Simon ( ) (Left) Photo III-3-5. Robert Owen ( ) (Right) Photo III-3-6. Charles Fourier ( ) (Left) Photo III-3-7. Etienne Cabet ( ) (Right) Table III-3-1. Time Line of the Socialists Movement (Dates are approximate) Table III-3-2. Marxian Abstract of Society s Structure Table III-3-3. Developing Stages of Society with Marxian Dialectic Table III-3-4. Tensions within Socialism: Social Democracy versus Communism Table III-3-5. Tensions within Socialism: The Third Way versus Social Democracy Photo III-4-1. Nationalism Photo III-4-2. Nationalists and Liberal Pressure led to the European Revolution of 1848 Table III-4-1. Tension within Nationalism (1) Table III-4-2. Tension within Nationalism (2) Photo III-4-3. Russian Anarchists in the Labor Movement in the early 20th Century Photo III-4-4. Anti-Militarism Table III-4-3. Tension within Anarchism Photo III-4-5. William Godwin ( ) (Left) Photo III-4-6. Pierre-Joseph Proudhon ( ) (Right) Photo III-4-7. Mikhail Bakunin ( ) (Left) Photo III-4-8. Peter Kropotkin ( ) (Right) Photo III-4-9. German Spectators at the 1937 Reich Party Day Celebration in Nuremberg Photo III Perspectives on Italian Fascism Photo III-5-1. Louise Weiss along with other Parisian Suffragettes in 1935: Photo III-5-2. Blue Marble composite images generated by NASA in 2001 and Table III-5-1. Tensions between Egalitarian and Difference Feminism Table III-5-2. Tensions between Liberal and Radical Feminism Photo III-5-3. Herd of African Elephants: Nature Table III-5-3. Tensions between Shallow and Deep Ecologism Photo III-5-4. Religious Fundamentalism may be categorized as Mental Illness to be Cured. Photo III-5-5. Islamic Fundamentalism, the Arab Spring, and the Left Photo III-5-6. Mount Rushmore, Monument: Landmark Scene Table III-5-4. Comparison for Neoclassicism, Romanticism, Realism, Modernism Photo III-5-7. Anton Raphael Mengs, Judgment of Paris, c. 1757, bought by Catherine the Great Photo III-5-8. Romanticism: Life, Literature and Landscape Photo III-5-9. Jean-Francois Millet, The Gleaners, 1857 xvii

10 Photo III Pablo Picasso s Guernica, 1937, Protest against Fascism Photo III-6-1 Arthur Schopenhauer ( ) (Left) Photo III-6-2. Ludwig Andreas von Feuerbach ( ) (Right) Photo III-6-3. Soren Kierkegaard ( ) (Left) Photo III-6-4. Friedrich Nietzsche ( ) (Right) Photo III-7-1. Jeremy Bentham ( ) Photo III-7-2 John Stuart Mill ( ) (Left) Photo III-7-3. Herbert Spencer ( ) (Right) Figure III-7-1. Utility Maximization, Indifference Curves Photo III-7-4. Thomas Hill Green ( ) Photo III-7-5. Francis Herbert Bradley ( ) (Left) Photo III-7-6. Bernard Bosanquet ( ) (Right) Photo III-7-7. Shepher near Hamlet in the Valley Photo IV-0-1. The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism, Max Weber, 1905 Photo IV-0-2. Marx, Engels, and Marx s Daughter Photo IV-0-3. Principles of Economics, the book title used by Alfred Marshall (1890) Photo IV-1-1. A Wharf in Quebec, late 19th Century Photo IV-1-2. Telling Tales: Stories and Legends in the 19th-Century American Art Photo IV-2-1. Marx believed that industrial workers (the proletariat) would rise up around the world. Photo IV-3-1. Stanley Jevons ( ) (Top Left) Photo IV-3-2. Carl Menger ( ) (Top Right) Photo IV-3-3. Alfred Marshall ( ) (Bottom Left) Photo IV-3-3. Leon Walras ( ) (Bottom Right) Table IV-3-1. Major Authors after the First Generation of Marginal Theorists Figure IV-3-1. Diminishing Marginal Returns Figure IV-3-2. Knut Wicksell on Product Exhaustion Photo IV-4-1. Monet: Women with a Parasol, Photo IV-4-2. Pierre-Auguste Renoir: Luncheon of the Boating Party, Figure IV-4-1. Consumer Surplus or Marshallian Surplus Figure IV-4-2. Changes that raise or lower the supply schedule (Constant Return) (Left) Figure IV-4-3. Changes that raise or lower the supply schedule (Diminishing Return) (Right) Figure IV-5-1. Diminishing Marginal Rate of Substitution Figure IV-5-2. Utility Maximization subject to Budget Constraint Figure IV-5-3. General Equilibrium in Exchange Figure IV-5-4. The Utility Possibility Frontier (UPF) Figure IV-5-5. Diminishing Marginal Rate of Technical Substitution Figure IV-5-6. The Principle of Marginal Rate of Technical Substitution Figure IV-5-7. The Economic Region of Production Figure IV-5-8. Edgeworth Box of Production Figure IV-5-9. General Equilibrium - Production Possibility Frontier Figure IV The Paretian System General Equilibrium Figure IV Production Possibility Frontier (Nation A) Figure IV General Equilibrium of International Trade Figure IV Using a Social Welfare Function to Find the Social Optimum Figure IV Economic Efficiency and Pareto Optimality Marginal Condition Table IV-5-1. Partial Equilibrium versus General Equilibrium Table IV-5-2. Contents of Elements of Pure Economics (1954 in English) Figure IV Equality Measure (Gini Coefficient) Figure IV Edgeworth Box of Production: Pareto Optimality on the Contract Curve Table IV-6-1. Important Writers Photo IV-6-1. Torstein Veblen ( ) (Upper Left) Photo IV-6-2. Wesley Clair Mitchell ( ) (Upper Right) xviii

11 Photo IV-6-3. John R. Commons ( ) (Lower Left) Photo IV-6-4. John A. Hobson ( ) (Lower Right) Table IV-7-1. Important Writers Table IV-7-2. The Timeline of Comparison: Capitalism versus Socialism Table IV-7-3. Comparison: Capitalism versus Socialism Table IV-7-4. Comparison: Communism versus Socialism Photo IV-7-1. Ludwig von Mises ( ) (Upper Left) Photo IV-7-2. Friedrich A. Hayek ( ) (Upper Right) Photo IV-7-3. Oscar R. Lange ( ) (Bottom Left) Photo IV-7-4. Joseph A. Schumpeter ( ) (Bottom Right) Table IV-8-1. Contents of the General History of Philosophy Table IV-8-2. Contents of Economy and Society by Max Weber Photo IV-8-1. Auguste Comte ( ) (Left) Photo IV-8-2. Lewis Henry Morgan ( ) (Right) Photo IV-8-3. Lester Frank Ward ( ) (Left) Photo IV-8-4. Max Weber ( ) (Right) Photo IV-8-5. Children in 19th Century Art reflects Nation s Fears, Dreams Photo V-0-1. Construction of the First Macadam Road in the U.S. (1823) Table VI-2-1. Relations between Political Theories and Practices Table VI-2-2. Relations between Economic Theories and Practices Table V-2-3. Four Powers Relations during Photo V-3-1. Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Discours sur l'oeconomie politique, 1758 (Top) Photo V-3-2. The Cover Page of Political Economy (2006) (Bottom) Photo V-3-3. The Nineteenth Century: Construction of Railroad LIST OF MAPS Map I-0-1. Government Revenues in the Early 20th Century Map I-1-1. National Boundaries within Europe set by the Congress of Vienna, 1815 Map I-1-2. Latin American Independence, Map I-1-3. Russo-Turkish War Map I-1-4. Nationalism: Linguistic Maps of Europe in the Nineteenth Century Map I-1-5. Major Events of the Revolutions in Europe, Map I-1-6. The House of Commons: Membership Change of County by the Reform Act of 1832 Map I-2-1. Europe in 1871 Map I-2-2. The Crimean War, Map I-2-3. The Battle of Balaclava in the Crimean War, September 1854 Map I-2-4. The Unification of Italy, Map I-2-5. The Unification of Germany Map I-2-6. The Ethnic Groups of Austria-Hungary in 1910 Map I-2-7. Expansion of Russia, Map I-2-8. The British Empire in the Victorian Age (Historical) Map I-2-9. American Civil War, Map I Canadian Confederation, 1898 Map I-3-1. Europe 1914 Map I-3-2. Imperialism and the Balance of Power Map I-3-3. The Mexican War, Map I-3-4. The Russo-Turkish War, Map I-3-5. The Partition of Africa, Colonial Countries Map I-3-6. Imperialism in Asia, Map I-3-7. The Dutch East Indies: Territorial Expansion from 1800 to 1942 xix

12 Map I-3-8. French Expansion in Indochina ( ) Map I-3-9. The Growth of British Power in India, Map I Treaty Ports and the Boxer Rebellion in China Map I The First Sino-Japanese War, Map I The Russo-Japanese War Map I The Route of Baltic Fleet, To and Back Map I Balkans after First Balkan War, 1912 Map I-5-1. Religion in Europe in the 19th Century Map II-1-1. Countries by real GDP growth rate (2017) Map II-2-1. World Population Density in 1994 Map II-2-2. Global Migration Last 500 Years Map II-5-1. Lewis and Clark Expedition ( ) Map II-5-2. Australia and New Zealand, Map II-5-3. Canada in around 1850 Map II-5-4. Shaping Brazil: The Role of International Migration Map II-5-5. European-born Argentines by Provinces and Territories (1914 Argentine Census) Map II-5-6. The Erie Canal, the State of New York Map II-8-1. World Colonial Empire, 1900 Map II-8-2. NW European Railways: France, Germany, Switzerland, Belgium, England, 1900 Map II-8-3. Moscow to St. Petersburg Railway, 1857 Map IV-2-1. A Map of Countries that declared themselves to be Socialist States Photo th -Century Landscape-Painters, accessed 25 June 2016, xx