2. Entrepreneurs a. People who found new business opportunities and new ways of making profits
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1 1 World History Name Study Guide Chapter 19 Quiz/Test Industrialization and Nationalism DIRECTIONS Use the three sections that we covered in Chapter 19 (19.1: ; 19.2: ; 19.3: ), your notes, the glossary in your book, the index in your book, and any assignments handed back to do the following. DEFINE, DESCRIBE OR IDENTIFY THE FOLLOWING TERMS 1. Enclosure Movement a. British laws in the 1700 s requiring landowners to fence off common lands 2. Entrepreneurs a. People who found new business opportunities and new ways of making profits 3. Industrial Capitalism a. Economic system based on industrial production 4. Socialism a. Economic system in which society (government) owns and controls some means of production such as factories 5. James Watt a. Used steam engine to drive machinery 6. Robert Fulton a. Invented the paddle- wheel steamboat 7. Robert Owen a. Socialist b. Believed that humans would show their natural goodness if they lived in a cooperative environment 8. Congress of Vienna a meeting of European countries to enact measures to ensure peace in Europe 9. Principle of Intervention a. Said that the great powers had the right to send armies into countries where there were revolutions
2 2 10. Conservatism a. Political philosophy based on tradition and the belief in the value of social stability. 11. Liberalism a. Political philosophy holding that people should be as free as possible from government restraint and that civil liberties should be protected 12. Nationalism a. The unique cultural identity of a people based on common language, religion, and national symbols 13. Militarism a. Reliance on military strength 14. Unification a. The act, process, or result of making into a coordinated whole, the state of being unified 15. Kaiser a. Emperor of unified Germany 16. Serfs a. Agricultural laborer and member of the lowest class of 19 th Century Russia 17. Otto Von Bismarck a. Prime Minister of Prussia who set about unifying the principalities of Germany through wars against Austria and France 18. Giuseppe Garibaldi a. Raised a volunteer army in Italy called the Red Shirts that took control of much of Italy KNOW THE FOLLOWING 19. Where did the Industrial Revolution begin? a. Great Britain 20. What are five factors that contributed to the start of the Industrial Revolution in Britain? 1. An increased food supply a. Caused by i. Expansion of farmland ii. Good weather iii. Improved transportation iv. New crops 2. Greater population
3 3 a. In the cities i. Britain 1. Passed Enclosure Movement laws a. Fenced off common lands 2. Many peasants moved to the cities 3. Plenty of labor 3. A ready supply of money a. Capital (money supply) b. Able to invest in new industrial machines and factories c. Entrepreneurs existed i. People who found new business opportunities and new ways of making profits 4. Plentiful natural resources a. Rivers i. Provided water power for mills ii. Provided means of transportation b. Coal i. Essential mineral in manufacturing 5. A supply of markets a. Britain i. Large colonial empire 1. Many different parts of the world 2. Could transport goods anywhere in the world 21. What was the first industry to take- off during the Industrial Revolution? a. Production of Cotton Cloth 1. The flying shuttle a. Made weaving faster 2. The spinning jenny a. Could produce thread faster 3. The water-powered loom a. Could weave even faster b. Mills were set up along rivers 4. The steam engine a. Could power the looms 22. What were the two social classes that were created in Europe as a result of the Industrial Revolution? Describe who made up each one. a. Industrial Middle Class i. The people who 1. built the factories 2. bought the machines 3. developed the markets ii. Characteristics
4 4 1. Had a. Initiative b. greed b. Industrial Working Class i. Class that faced wretched working conditions 1. Work hours a / day 6 days / week 2. No job security 3. No minimum wage 4. Worst conditions in cotton mills and coal mines a. Cotton mills i. Dirty ii. Dusty iii. Unhealthy iv. Locked up in there b. Coal mines i. Faced 1. Cave-ins 2. Explosions 3. Gas fumes 4. Cramped ii. Led to 1. Deformed bodies 2. Ruined lungs 23. What political philosophy came about as a result of the struggle between these two classes? a. Socialsim 24. Contrast Liberalism with Conservatism. 1. Conservatism a. Based on tradition and the value of social stability b. Obedience to political authority c. Believed that organized religion was essential to keeping order in society 2. Liberalism a. Philosophy that grew out of the enlightenment b. Believed that all people should be treated equal before the law c. Believed in i. Freedom of assembly, speech, and press ii. Representative government iii. Separation of church and state iv. Constitution or a bill of rights d. Attracted the wealthy men in the industrial middle class e. Wanted a voice in their governments
5 5 25. How did Nationalism start in Europe? a. Arose throughout Europe following the French Revolution b. Believe that each NATIONALITY (group with a shared language and custom) should have its own government i. German nationalists wanted a German state ii. Hungarians wanted a Hungarian state 26. Describe three (3) ways in which people used Nationalism to identify themselves in a community. a. Religion b. Culture c. History d. Nationality e. Territory f. Language 27. How did Nationalism change where people would place their loyalties? a. In earlier centuries, people were loyal to the king or their town or region b. 19 th Century i. people began to feel that their chief loyalty was to the nation 28. What was the effect of the Crimean War? a. It broke down the Concert of Europe 29. How was Russia different from the rest of Europe at the beginning of a 19 th century? a. It was rural, not industrialized b. Poor economy 30. What was the name of the Russian leader who led a series of reforms in Russia in 1856? a. Alexander II
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