Europe Faces Revolution

Transcription

1 8.2 Notes: Europe Faces Revolution World History 9 th Mr. Sanderson

2 Europe, 1815 Napoleon was defeated ended 25 years of war in Europe Old monarchs were restored to power (with limited powers) The Congress of Vienna created a balance of power among major European countries 1820s new ideas began challenging the balance of power

3 Clash of Philosophies conservatism supported traditional monarchs in Europe. liberalism supported limited democracy. Only wanted wealthy, educated, & landowners to vote. radicalism wanted democracy for all people. Supported ideas from the French Revolution. nationalism believed that people s greatest loyalty should be to a nation of people who share common characteristics

4 What Unites People as a Nation? Common cultural bonds: Language, religion, race, ethnicity, history, geography Belief in common values & ideals: democracy, equal rights, justice, civil rights

5 Nationalist Goals To gain independence from a foreign empire s control. To establish nation-states countries where each national group would govern themselves. Examples of national groups: French, Spanish, Italians, Germans, Croats, Slavs, Poles, Americans, etc.

6 Nationalists vs. Conservatives Conservatives wanted to conserve (or preserve) the power of the old monarchies of Europe Nationalism threatened conservative monarchs power Old empires contained many national & ethnic groups Ottoman, Russian, Austrian Empires Nationalist groups wanted independence for their people

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8 National groups in the Austrian Empire

9 Greek nationalism & independence Greeks were Christians, but under Ottoman (Muslim) control Greek culture had influenced European cultures Christian Europe supported Christian Greece a dangerous precedence for nationalist revolutions in Europe

10 8.3 Notes Nationalism: Italy & Germany World History 9 th Mr. Sanderson

11 Types of Nationalist Movements Unification Want to combine politically divided, yet culturally similar lands Ex.) Germans, Italians Separation ( Separatist ) A single, culturally distinct group wants to break away from a country to form its own independent state Ex.) Greeks State-building Many culturally distinct groups form a new state by accepting or creating a single culture Ex.) United States

12 Unification of Italy

13 Italian Unification King Victor Emmanuel II King of Piedmont-Sardinia Camillo di Cavour 1852 appointed prime minister Goal unite Italy under Sardinia

14 Giuseppe Garibaldi Led a small army of Italian nationalists to capture Sicily Assisted by Cavour Crossed to Italian mainland, conquered southern Italian territories Turned over territories to Sardinia

15 Timeline of Italian Unification 1852 King Victor Emmanuel II appointed Count Camillo di Cavour as prime minister of Sardinia 1858 Sardinia conquered northern Italy from Austria 1860 Garibaldi conquered Sicily & southern Italy; turned over southern Italy to Sardinia 1866 Austrian province of Venetia (Venice) joined Italy 1870 Italian forces conquered Papal States & Rome; Rome became capital of united Kingdom of Italy

16 1815 Congress of Vienna; 39 German states form German Confederation German Confederation dominated by Austrian Empire Prussia wanted to unify all Germanspeaking states into one empire

17 Otto von Bismarck 1862 appointed as Prussian chancellor (prime minister) Bismarck s policy: realpolitik politics of reality doing whatever is necessary to achieve goals. By 1867, Prussia controlled all northern German states. Bismarck wanted Prussia to rule southern Germany

18 Franco-Prussian War ( ) Bismarck needed a common enemy all Germans could fight July 19, 1870 France declared war on Prussia Prussia invaded France & captured 83,000 French soldiers including French emperor Prussia besieged Paris for months, captured city Southern German states accepted Prussian leadership Bismarck s plan worked

19 German Empire January 18, 1871 King Wilhelm I of Prussia was crowned Kaiser (emperor) of the German Empire Coronation held at Palace of Versailles

20 Effects of Nationalism Greek Revolution & independence encouraged other nationalists to fight for independence Balance of power in Europe was upset by two new powers Italy & Germany