2/17/2015. The Industrial Revolution in Great Britain. The Industrial Revolution in Great Britain (cont.) The Industrial Revolution in

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1 The Industrial Revolution in Great Britain With its plentiful natural resources, workers, wealth, and markets, Great Britain became the starting place of the Industrial Revolution. The Industrial Revolution in Great Britain (cont.) Factors in Great Britain becaming the birthplace of the Industrial Revolution: Agricultural practices became more efficient, producing more food at lower prices. The enclosure movement of the eighteenth century caused many peasants to move to towns, increasing the labor supply. The Industrial Revolution in Great Britain (cont.) The wealthy merchant class of Britain had a ready supply of capital to invest in the new industrial machines and factories. Entrepreneurs devised new business methods and ways to make profits. Britain had plentiful natural resources, such as water, coal, and iron ore. 1

2 The Industrial Revolution in Great Britain (cont.) Britain s vast colonial empire gave British manufacturers a ready outlet for goods. In the eighteenth century, cotton production using the cottage industry system was made inefficient by a series of new technological advances. The Industrial Revolution in Great Britain (cont.) New technological advances, such as the spinning jenny and flying shuttle, gave Britain an advantage in producing inexpensive cotton goods. The cotton industry became more productive when Scottish engineer James Watt modified his steam engine to drive machinery. 2

3 The Industrial Revolution in Great Britain (cont.) The steam engine was crucial to Britain s Industrial Revolution, leading to an expansion of the coal and iron industries. Puddling was a process used to make high quality iron for the production of new machines,. Factory owners wanted to use their machinery constantly, laborers worked in shifts and machines ran continuously. Child labor was common. The Industrial Revolution in Great Britain (cont.) Railroads moved and manufactured goods more efficiently. The first commercial railroad connected the cotton-manufacturing town of Manchester to the port of Liverpool. The Industrial Revolution in Great Britain (cont.) Railroads were a key component of the Industrial Revolution and led to ongoing economic growth. 3

4 The Spread of Industrialization The pace of industrialization in Europe and the United States depended on many factors, including government policy. The Spread of Industrialization (cont.) Governments in Belgium, France, and the German states supported industrialization and provided funds to build roads, canals, and railroads. When the Industrial Revolution spread to the United States, thousands of miles of roads and canals were built to link East and West. The Spread of Industrialization (cont.) In 1807, Robert Fulton built the first paddlewheel steamboat, improving transportation on the waterways. Eventually, railroads provided the most effective means of transportation. As farmers and immigrants filled the cities, a labor force became available to the factory owners. Women and children, who were paid lower wages 4

5 Social Impact in Europe Industrialization urbanized Europe and created new social classes, as well as the conditions for the rise of socialism. Social Impact in Europe (cont.) European cities and towns grew dramatically by Factories were built in towns and cities to take advantage of their increasing populations. The rapid growth of cities led to overcrowding, disease, and poverty. Industrial capitalism rose during the Industrial Revolution and produced a new middle class that built the factories, bought the machinery, and developed the markets. Social Impact in Europe (cont.) The Industrial Revolution also led to the development of an industrial working class. The working class had little protection from factory and mine owners and faced dangerous working conditions. Women and children made up a significant portion of the labor force due to their low wages. 5

6 Social Impact in Europe (cont.) Reformers of these harsh working conditions advocated socialism and believed that public ownership of production would allow wealth to be more evenly distributed. Utopian socialists such as Robert Owen believed that an ideal society could be created through socialism. The Congress of Vienna After Napoleon s defeat, the victors met and redrew the map of Europe to create a balance of power and to strengthen conservatism. The Congress of Vienna (cont.) After the defeat of Napoleon, Great Britain, Austria, Prussia, and Russia met at the Congress of Vienna to restore peace and balance to Europe. Klemens von Metternich of Vienna wanted to restore the monarchies that had ruled prior to Napoleon. The European powers divided the land to ensure political and military stability. They agreed to meet regularly in conferences known as the Concert of Europe. 6

7 The Congress of Vienna (cont.) The European powers believed in a political philosophy known as conservatism, which is based on tradition, the value of social stability, and organized religion. The European powers, except for Britain, adopted the principle of intervention, which allowed the great powers to send armies into nations where there were revolutions. The Congress of Vienna (cont.) The great powers used military forces to put an end to revolutions in Spain and Italy and restored monarchies to these nations. 7

8 Forces of Change Liberals and nationalists opposed the existing political system and threatened the conservative regimes. Forces of Change (cont.) While conservative governments were in charge, powerful forces such as liberalism were spreading. Liberals wanted to protect civil liberties, such as freedom of the press and speech, religious tolerance, and government rule by constitution. Many liberals wanted a written document like the American Bill of Rights. Forces of Change (cont.) Another force of change in nineteenthcentury Europe was nationalism. Nationalism arose when people began to identify themselves based on language, region, culture, and customs. 8

9 Forces of Change (cont.) Beginning in 1830, liberalism and nationalism led to revolution in Europe. France and Belgium overthrew the current regimes, while Poland and Italy were unsuccessful in their rebellions. The Revolutions of 1848 Beginning in France in 1848, the spirit of revolution spread quickly over Europe, but the uprisings were largely suppressed. The Revolutions of 1848 (cont.) Economic troubles in France led to a new rebellion in The monarchy was overthrown, and the new government established the policy of universal male suffrage. In 1848, a new constitution was ratified, making the Second Republic the new government of France. The first elected president was Charles Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte. 9

10 The Revolutions of 1848 (cont.) The 38 independent states of the German Confederacy attempted to unify in However, the Frankfurt Assembly failed to gain the support of Frederick William VI of Prussia. Austria was a multinational state including Germans, Czechs, Hungarians, Poles, Slovaks, Slovenes, Romanians, Croats, Italians, Serbians, and Ukranians. Nationalities in Austria-Hungary, Mid 1800s Toward National Unification The rise of nationalism led to the unification of Italy and Germany. Nationalism and expansionism also led to many conflicts in Europe. 10

11 Crimean War Russia, seeking warm-water ports, invaded the Balkan provinces of Moldavia and Walachia. The Ottoman Empire controlled these provinces and declared war on Russia. Great Britain and France, joined the Ottoman Turks. Russia quit because of heavy casualties, and the Treaty of Paris (1856) placed the provinces under international control. Charge of the Light Brigade Half a league, half a league, Half a league onward, All in the valley of Death Rode the six hundred. "Forward, the Light Brigade! "Charge for the guns!" he said: Into the valley of Death Rode the six hundred. 2. "Forward, the Light Brigade!" Was there a man dismay'd? Not tho' the soldier knew Someone had blunder'd: Theirs not to make reply, Theirs not to reason why, Theirs but to do and die: Into the valley of Death Rode the six hundred. 11

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13 Effects The effect of the Crimean War was that the Concert of Europe was destroyed. Austria did not support its long-term ally in the war, and Russia and Austria became enemies. Without Russia, Austria could no longer prevent Germany and Italy from unifying. In 1850, people looked to the northern kingdom of Piedmont to lead the unification of Italy. Unification of Italy Piedmont made an alliance with France. In return for territory, France would support the unification of northern Italy. In the south, patriot Giuseppe Garibaldi took control of Sicily, Naples, and the southern mainland of Italy. Garibaldi then turned over control of the south to King Victor Emanuel II of Piedmont. Cavour was an Italian statesman and a leading figure in the movement toward Italian unification. Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour 13

14 German Militarism Italy was finally unified after the Austro- Prussian War of 1866 and the Franco- Prussian War of Germans looked to Prussia in the cause of German unification. Prussia was an authoritarian state known for its militarism. German Militarism In the 1860s, the prime minister Otto von Bismarck ran Prussia without the approval of parliament. He strengthened the army, collected taxes, and expanded into Denmark. He practice Repolitik, which was a politics based on practical matters 14

15 Toward National Unification (cont.) In 1870, Prussia and France went to war. Prussia was victorious and was given the territories of Alsace and Lorraine. Toward National Unification (cont.) The southern German states agreed to enter into union with Prussia. The Second German Empire, with William I as kaiser, or emperor, was established. Nationalism and Reform in Europe While Italy and Germany were being unified, other states in Europe were also changing. 15

16 Nationalism and Reform in Europe (cont.) England Great Britain was able to avoid the revolutions of Europe by making social and political reforms to stabilize the country. Parliament expanded voting privileges to the middle class, so the middle class now had an interest in ruling. Nationalism and Reform in Europe (cont.) The Industrial Revolution allowed wages of workers to rise significantly, so the working class was now able to share in the prosperity. Queen Victoria, who ruled from 1837 to 1901, reflected the nationalistic pride of British citizens. Nationalism and Reform in Europe (cont.) Russia After being defeated in the Crimean War, Russia realized it had to modernize. Russia was a large, rural, agricultural society that depended on the authority of the central government to function as a European power. 16

17 Nationalism and Reform in Europe (cont.) Czar Alexander II decided to enact reforms, and in 1861 issued an emancipation edict freeing the serfs. The new system did not improve the lives of the serfs, however. Alexander s other reforms led to his assassination in His son, Alexander III, returned to the old methods of repression. Nationalism in the United States Unified by the War of 1812, the United States later entered a bloody civil war that lasted from 1861 to

18 Nationalism in the United States (cont.) In the middle of the nineteenth century, slavery became the biggest threat to American political and social systems. Nationalism in the United States (cont.) Abolitionism in the North challenged the Southern way of life. With the election of Abraham Lincoln in 1860, South Carolina voted to secede. Six more Southern states joined them and formed the Confederate States of America. The American Civil War lasted for four years. The Union defeated the Confederacy in 1865, ending slavery and creating one nation again. Romanticism In the arts, romanticism stressed individualism and emotion instead of the Enlightenment s focus on universalism and reason. 18

19 Romanticism (cont.) At the end of the eighteenth century, a new intellectual movement known as romanticism emerged. Romanticism emphasized feeling and emotion and valued individualism. Artists painted as a reflection of the artist s inner feelings and infused warmth and emotion into paintings. Romanticism (cont.) Ludwig van Beethoven wrote music with powerful melodies that created dramatic intensity. Literature reflected a romantic interest in the past. Writers chose medieval subjects that evoked strong feelings of nationalism. Tennyson- Charge of the Light Brigade. Mary Shelley and Edgar Allan Poe wrote chilling, Gothic literature. New Age of Science Rapid advances in science and technology fueled industrial growth, made medical care more effective, and challenged religious faith. 19

20 New Age of Science (cont.) New discoveries in science led to a growing faith in science, which, in turn, undermined the religious faith of many people. Scientists such as Louis Pasteur and Dmitry Mendeleyev made advancements in medicine and chemistry. For many people in the nineteenth century, the truth gleaned from science led to an increasing secularization of society. New Age of Science (cont.) In 1859, Charles Darwin wrote his book On the Origins of Species by Means of Natural Selection, based on the idea that all species evolved according to a principle known as organic evolution. Darwin explained that some species are more adaptable to their environment than others, and, through a process called natural selection, the most fit species would survive. Realism The rise of science encouraged writers and artists to create realistic works that portrayed even the poor and degraded in society. 20

21 Realism (cont.) In literary and visual arts, realism became a movement driven by the ability to represent the world realistically. Literary realists of the period rejected the ideals of romanticism and wrote about ordinary characters. Realism (cont.) Charles Dickens showed the realities of life in London for the poor and unprivileged in his novels Oliver Twist and David Copperfield. This characters were so sympathetic that they helped inspire social reform. After 1850, realism in art became the dominant style. The French artist Gustave Courbet painted scenes from everyday life that included peasants and factory workers. THE END 21