Nationalism and Nation Building

Transcription

1 Nationalism and Nation Building Unification in Italy and Germany 19th Century Nation Building You are the leader of either France, Sardinia-Piedmont, or Prussia. France How do you plan to strengthen your empire and avoid the problems of another revolutionary outbreak? Sardinia-Piedmont & Prussia There s strength in Unification on nationalistic lines. What are your reasons for wanting to unify, or what can you expect to gain (besides unification itself)? How, specifically, do you plan to unify your nation? What obstacles will stand in your way, and how do you plan to deal with those? France Under Napoleon III Election of 1848 Universal male suffrage Napoleonic legend Fear of urban socialism Napoleon s program for France National Assembly conservative leaning - Dec 2, 1851

2 (To France 1860) (To France 1860) Lake Como 1859 Peschiera Po R. Adda R. ELBA CAPRERA Mantua Arno R Verona Villafranca Legnago PANTELLERIA PELAGIE I. SAN MARINO Gaeta MALTA (British) LISSA Kingdom of Sardinia at 1859 Areas annexed in 1859 Areas annexed in 1860 Areas annexed in 1866 Area annexed in 1870 Areas annexed from 1919 to 1924 Italian boundary at 1924 Fortress LACOSTA 1920 SASENO Miles ALBANIA CORFU Napoleon III s Second Empire Investment banks & Credit Unions Massive railroad construction Workers Right to Strike Public works projects Urban Planning & Rebuilding of Paris ( ) Italian Unification Background Battleground for great powers Congress of Vienna reorganization Basic Approaches to Unification: Centralized republic based on universal male suffrage Federation under presidency of progressive Pope Liberal Const. (1848) = progressive, but not radical Papal Opposition Pius IX - (1864) Italian Unification PM National Goals: Seeking diplomatic recognition FRANCE SAVOY NICE Turin SWITZERLAND Magenta Genoa Ticino R. Alessandria PIEDMONT CORSICA (French) Trent LOMBARDY Milan Solferino Fiume 1924 Parma Ferrara PARMA ISTRIA Modena MODENA Bologna Rimini LUCCA Lucca Pisa Florence TUSCANY Siena Ajaccio Civitavecchia AUSTRIA Bolzano TYROL ROMAGNA Rome Gorizia VENETIA Trieste Venice PAPAL UMBRIA STATES Tiber R. Urbino Perugia Ancona Volturno R. Zara YUGOSLAVIA ADRIATIC SEA Bari Alliance with Napoleon III SARDINIA TYRRHENIAN SEA Naples Taranto Radical nationalist Nat l liberation, Mazzini republicanism May Red Shirts & the Expedition of the Thousand Sept. 1860, Garibaldi gives way to union Popular nationalism turns conservative Franco-Prussian War unites the rest in 1871 KINGDOM OF THE TWO SICILIES Palermo MEDITERRANEAN SEA Messina TUNISIA Annexed 1860 SICILY Catania Syracuse GREECE MEDITERRANEAN SEA

3 Germany Before Bismarck Political stalemate Frederick William IV Failed reforms of German customs union idealistic support of unification Growing tension with Austria Reforms of expanded army, militarism Parliament wealthy MC Block militaristic budget Otto von Bismarck Diplomatic career - One must always have two irons in the fire. might makes right The great questions of the day will not be decided by speeches and resolutions... but by blood and iron. Build Prussian strength Parliamentary opposition Wars of German Unification Schleswig-Holstein, 1864 Austro-Prussian War, 1866 Seven Week War railroads, quick mobilization weapons Prussian General Staff - Helmuth von Moltke Peace terms: No reparations No territorial loss German Confederation dissolved, Austria removed from German affairs

4 Wars of German Unification Franco-Prussian War, Results Perceived French advantages: Best rifles Machine gun Superior navy Austria-Italy pledge Reality: Frontal Prussian artillery Machine guns kept in back Land war Austria remains neutral Kennedy - Course of the war ( ) Surge of patriotism in Germany th strongest power in Europe strongest major power of all five Surrender, Jan 1871 Harsh peace treaty William I = Emperor of United German Empire Reparations = 5 billion francs Modernization of Russia: The Great Reforms Reform efforts of Peter the Great ( ) By 1850s: Backward industry & agricultural techniques basic social institution The Crimean War: War and Peace

5 Modernization of Russia: The Great Reforms Fallen behind in modernization Abolition of serfdom (1861) - Collective responsibility Railroad boom ,250 miles of railroad ,500 miles of railroad Industrial development as result Class of modern factory workers = spread of Marxism - minister of finance ( ) as economic weapon Doubled RR s to 35,000 miles Westernization 19th century Coffeehouse Debates What is Charles Darwin s thesis, and what basis does Darwin have for his conclusions? What will be the impact of Darwinian evolutionary theory on European intellectual and cultural life? How might Darwinian theory be applied to society, and will this have a positive or negative impact? Is Darwinism a revolutionary force encouraging secularism and realism, or does it primarily reinforce previously pre-existing European hierarchies of gender and race? 19th century Coffeehouse Debates Is liberalism or socialism the better choice for the majority of people? Does liberalism s emphasis on free trade promise a better time for workers able to buy food cheaply, or does it harm local peasants and farmers? Is socialism a practical option, or would it prove unworkable? Which socialist reformer had the most practical plan for changing and bettering society? Even though liberals supported limited enfranchisement (limited voting rights for propertied white males), does liberalism inevitably lead to greater representation of the majority of people in politics?