COMPARATIVE POLITICS TODAY

Transcription

1 COMPARATIVE POLITICS TODAY 8 A WORLD VIEW SEVENTH EDITION Gabriel A. Almond Stanford University G. Bingham Powell, Jr. University of Rochester Kaare Strom University of California, San Diego Russell J. Dalton University of California, Irvine LONGMAN An imprint of Addison Wesley Longman, Inc. New York Reading, Massachusetts Menlo Park, California Harlow, England Don Mills, Ontario Sydney Mexico City Madrid Amsterdam

2 Preface xiii Acknowledgments xv PART ONE INTRODUCTION CHAPTER i ISSUES IN COMPARATIVE POLITICS 3 What Is Politics? 3 Governments and the State of Nature 4 Why Governments? 6 When Does Government Become the Problem? 8 Political Systems 13 States 14 Building Community 18 Fostering Development 24 Securing Democracy, Human Rights, and Civil Liberties 29 Key Terms 31 Suggested Readings 31 CHAPTER 2 COMPARING POLITICAL SYSTEMS 33 Why We Compare 33 How We Compare 34 Systems: Structure and Function 35 Structures and Functions 39 An Illustrative Comparison: Russia in 1985 and The Policy Level: Performance, Outcome, and Evaluation 44 Key Terms 46 Suggested Readings 46 PART TWO SYSTEM, PROCESS, AND POLICY 47^ CHAPTER 3 POLITICAL CULTURE AND POLITICAL SOCIALIZATION 49 Political Culture 49 Mapping the Three Levels of Political Culture 50 Political Socialization 56 Agents of Political Socialization 56 Trends in Contemporary Political Cultures 62 Key Terms 64 Suggested Readings 64 vii

3 Viii CHAPTER 4 INTEREST ARTICULATION 66 Citizen Action 66 Interest Groups 69 Access to the Influential 76 Policy Perspectives on Interest Articulation 80 Interest Group Development 80 Key Terms 82 Suggested Readings 83 DETAILED CONTENTS I" CHAPTER 5 INTEREST AGGREGATION AND POLITICAL PARTIES 85 Personal Interest Aggregation 86 Institutional Interest Aggregation 87 Competitive Party Systems and Interest Aggregation 88 Authoritarian Party Systems 96 The Military and Interest Aggregation 97 Trends in Interest Aggregation 99 Significance of Interest Aggregation 101 Key Terms 102 Suggested Readings 102 CHAPTER 6 GOVERNMENT AND POLICYMAKING 104 Constitutions and Decision Rules 104 Democracy and Authoritarianism 106 Geographic Distribution of Government Power 107 Separation of Government Powers 108 Limitations on Government Powers 111 Assemblies 113 Political Executives 115 The Bureaucracy 120 Elite Recruitment 123 Control of Elites 127 Key Terms 129 Suggested Readings 129 CHAPTER 7 PUBLIC POLICY 131 Government and What It Does 131 Extraction 133 Distribution 136 Regulation 139 Community-Building and Symbolic Policies 142 Outcomes: Domestic Welfare 143 Domestic Security Outcomes 147 International Outputs and Outcomes 148 Political Goods and Values 149 Strategies for Producing Political Goods 152 Trade-offs and Opportunity Costs 155 Key Terms 156 Suggested Readings 156

4 PART THREE COUNTRY STUDIES ix 159^ CHAPTER 8 POLITICS IN ENGLAND 161 Richard Rose Current Policy Challenges 162 The Constraints of History 163 The Environment of Politics 167 The Structure of Government 171 Political Culture and Legitimacy 181 Political Socialization 185 Political Participation and Recruitment 189 Organizing Group Interests 192 Party System and Electoral Choice 195 Making and Delivering Government Policies 200 Policy Outcomes and Changes in Society 207 Key Terms 209 Suggested Readings 209 CHAPTER 9 POLITICS IN FRANCE 215 Martin A. Schain Current Policy Challenges 216 A Historical Perspective 216 Economy and Society 217 Constitution and Governmental Structure 219 Political Culture 222 Political Socialization 226 Mass and Elite Recruitment 231 Interest Groups 237 Political Parties 242 Policy Processes 252 The State and Territorial Relations 258 Performance and Prospects 261 Key Terms 265 Suggested Readings 266 CHAPTER io POLITICS IN GERMANY 271 Russell }. Dalton Current Policy Challenges 272 The Historical Legacy 273 Following Two Paths 275 Social Forces 279 The Institutions and Structure of Government 281 Remaking Political Cultures 286 Political Learning and Political Communication 290 Citizen Participation 293 Politics at the Elite Level 295 Interest Groups 296 The Party System 300 The Policy Process 309

5 Policy Performance 313 After the Revolution 321 Key Terms 321 Suggested Readings 322 CHAPTER ii POLITICS IN JAPAN 327 Frances Rosenbluth and Michael F. Thies Current Policy Challenges 328 Historical Origins of the Modern Japanese State 329 The Occupation 331 Political Institutions and the Policy Process 333 Electoral Systems and the Nature of Electoral Competition 340 The Japanese Party System 343 The Internal Organization of the LDP 351 Political Participation, Voting Behavior, and Interest Groups 353 Political Culture and Issue Cleavages 357 Policy Performance 360 Concluding Thoughts About Japan's Democracy 365 Key Terms 367 Suggested Readings 367 CHAPTER 12 POLITICS IN RUSSIA 373 Thomas F. Remington Current Policy Challenges 373 Changing Political Institutions 374 The Yeltsin Constitution of Political Culture and Public Opinion 386 Political Participation and Recruitment 388 Changing Patterns of Interest Articulation 392 Interest Aggregation: Toward a Multiparty System 394 The Politics of Economic Transition 403 Rule Adjudication: Toward a Constitutional Order 408 Is Russia a Democracy? 413 Key Terms 414 Suggested Readings 414 CHAPTER 13 POLITICS IN CHINA 419 Melanie Manion Current Policy Challenges 420 Historical Setting 421 Chinese Society 425 A Communist Party-State 426 Political Structures 427 Rule by Law 435 Political Culture and Socialization 437 Political Participation 440 Interest Articulation and Aggregation 445 Policymaking and Implementation 447 Official Corruption 451 Policy Performance 452

6 Hong Kong 457 Taiwan 458 China's Political Future 458 Key Terms 459 Suggested Readings 459 CHAPTER 14 POLITICS IN MEXICO 463 Wayne A. Cornelius Current Policy Challenges 465 Historical Perspectives 466 International Environment 472 Political Culture and Socialization 474 Political Structure and Institutions 478 Recruiting the Political Elite 487 Interest Representation and Political Control 490 Government Performance 501 Mexico's Political Future: Transition to What? 509 Key Terms 511 Suggested Readings 511 CHAPTER is POLITICS IN BRAZIL 515 Frances Hagopian Current Policy Challenges 515 Historical Perspectives 516 Economy and Society 519 Political Culture 523 Political Recruitment and Political Participation 529 Political Representation and Interest Groups 534 Political Parties and Elections 539 Political Structures and the Policy Process 548 Policy Performance 557 Prospects for the Future 564 Key Terms 565 Suggested Readings 565 CHAPTER 16 POLITICS IN EGYPT 571 Ann Mosely Lesch Current Policy Challenges 571 The Importance of Place 572 The Legacy of History 576 Institutions and Structure of Government 581 Party System and Elections 591 Political Culture and Socialization 598 Political Participation and Recruitment 604 Articulation and Aggregation of Interests 607 Public Policy and Performance 615 Crisis of Legitimacy 622 Key Terms 624 Suggested Readings 624

7 Xii DETAILED CONTENTS CHAPTER 17 POLITICS IN INDIA 629 Suhrata K. Mitra Current Policy Challenges 630 Beyond Indian "Exceptionalism" 630 Some Basic "Givens" of the Indian Social Structure: From Hierarchy to Democratic Plurality 632 The Twin Legacy of Colonial Rule and the Anticolonial Movement 639 Political Socialization, Recruitment, and Political Culture 642 Political Institutions and the Policy Process 649 The Federal Structure 657 The Articulation and Aggregation of Interests: Development of a Competitive Party System 659 The Economy, Welfare, and Regulation 668 Conclusion: The Resilience of Pluralist Politics in India 673 Key Terms 675 Suggested Readings 675 CHAPTER is POLITICS IN NIGERIA 681 Robert J. Mundt and Oladimeji Aborisade Current Policy Challenges 681 The Effects of History 682 Environmental Potential and Limitations 686 Political Culture and Subcultures 692 Political Socialization 698 Political Recruitment 703 Political Structure 705 The Political Process 709 Political Participation 713 Parties and Elections 713 Policy Formation and Implementation 719 Nigeria in Africa and in the World 726 Prospects for Development 727 Key Terms 728 Suggested Readings 729 CHAPTER 19 POLITICS IN THE UNITED STATES 733 Austin Ranney Current Policy Challenges 733 The United States Among the World's Nations 734 The Constitutional System 738 Political Culture and Socialization 743 The Mass Communications Media 745 Political Participation and Recruitment 747 Interest Articulation: Pressure Groups and PACs 752 The Special Characteristics of American Political Parties 755 The Policymaking Process 762 Policy Performance 764 American Exceptionalism: Myth or Reality? 770 Conclusion 773 Key Terms 773 Suggested Readings 773 Index 777