Nation Building, State Building, and Economic Development

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1 Nation Building, State Building, and Economic Development Case Studies and Comparisons S. C. M. Paine, Editor ^M.E.Sharpe Armonk, New York London, England

2 Contents List of Maps and Table Acknowledgments xi xiii Introduction S.CM. Paine 3 The Intuitive and the Counterintuitive 3 The Analytical Framework 5 The Terminology 7 PART I. Imperial State Building: La Mission Civilisatrice Nation Building in India Under British Rule Dietmar Rothermund 13 The British Challenge and the Indian Response 13 Administration: The Bureaucratic "Steel Frame" 16 Jurisdiction: The Imposition of a Legal System 18 Education: A New Universe of Discourse 19 Agitation: The Rise of the Freedom Movement 20 Partition: The Traumatic Experience of Territoriality 23 The Republic of India: A Democratic Government France in Algeria: The Heritage of Violence Kay Adamson 30 Colonization in the Pursuit of National Prestige 30 The Military as the Agent and the Colon as the Beneficiary of Colonialism 33 The Independence Movement 34 Violence and Political Instability 36 Language and Ethnicity: The Berbers of Kabylia 38 Centralized Economic Management 39 Political Legitimacy and the Paternalistic State 41

3 vi 3. The Philippines: The Contested State Amy Blitz Spanish Colonization U.S. Colonization Preparation for Independence Japanese Colonization Independence, Interdependence, and Insurgency The Suspension of Democracy Under Ferdinand Marcos The Restoration of Democracy 4. Japanese Puppet-State Building in Manchukuo S.C.M. Paine Modernization and Westernization Colonial Antecedents Nation Building State Building Economic Development The Economic Legacy PART II. The Anticolonial Reaction: The Rejuvenation of Old Polities State and Nation Building in the Soviet Union Under Vladimir Lenin and Joseph Stalin Martin McCauley 85 Vladimir Lenin and the Theoretical Foundations for State Building 85 The Creation of a State out of Nations and Nationalities 89 The Unitary State and the Soviet Nation 91 The Economic Foundations for State Building 95 The Influence and Demise of the Soviet Union Mustafa Kemal Atatiirk and the Creation of the Turkish Republic Alexander Lyon Macfie 101 An Unexpectedly Favorable International and Domestic Environment 104 Competing Intellectual Movements 107 The Leadership of Mustafa Kemal 108 The Antecedents to Mustafa Kemal's Reforms 110 Kemalism Mao Zedong: Utopian Visions and Practical Realities Warren Sun 114 Collectivization and Nationalization 115 Foreign Affairs 119 The Great Leap Forward 121 The Cultural Revolution 124 The Legacy of Mao Zedong 126

4 8. Nasser's Egypt: A Quest for National Power and Prosperity Kirk J. Beattie 132 The Setting 135 Nasser's Rise to Power and the Goals of the "Revolution" 137 State-Sponsored Economic Development and the Arab Nationalist Dream 140 Dreams Dashed: A Crushing Military Defeat and Economic Stagnation 143 The Trials and Tribulations of State Building 146 PART III. Creating New States: Divergent Pairs Underdevelopment in Haiti Philippe R. Girard 153 Haiti's Environment and Colonial Legacy 155 Consolidation of Power Under Papa Doc 158 Economic Development and Foreign Aid Under B^be Doc 159 Post-Duvalier Era Political Instability and Jean-Bertrand Aristide 161 Haiti's Chances The Incomplete State: The Dominican Republic, Frank Moya Pons 167 Conservative-Liberal Infighting and the Restoration of Spanish Rule 169 Nation Building During the Second War for Independence 170 Continuing Difficulties with State Building and the Third War for Independence 171 Economic Development Under the Blue Party 173 The U.S. Occupation and State Building 174 Transition to Independence 176 Rafael Trujillo ( ) Jordan: Among Three Nationalisms Philip Robins 182 State Building and Nationalism 183 The Transjordanian Nationalist Narrative for Nationhood 185 The Arab Nationalist Narrative for Nationhood 187 The Palestinian Nationalist Narrative for Nationhood 189 Evaluating Nation Building Nation-State Building in Israel Gregory Mahler 194 The Creation of a Jewish State 194 The Security Environment 197 The Legal System 199 The Political Institutions 200 The Economic Environment 202 vii

5 viii 13. State Building and Economic Failure in North Korea Charles K. Armstrong 208 The Creation of a Regime 209 Postwar Political Consolidation 211 Postwar Reconstruction 212 Postwar Social Mobilization 214 Toward a Post-Mobilization Regime From Anticommunist Industrialization to Civic Democracy in South Korea KimHyung-A i The Race to Anticommunist State Building, State-led Rapid Industrialization, Civic Democracy Against All Odds 230 Development and Democracy Deconstruction in the Republic of the Congo Mbow Amphas-Mampoua 237 The Setting 238 Independence and the Presidency of Fulbert Youlou ( ) 240 Socialism Under Alphonse Massamba-Debat ( ) 242 Scientific Socialism Under the Congolese Labor Party 244 Democracy and Civil War The Three Pillars of Power in Gabon: Ethnicity, Family, and France James F. Barnes 250 The Setting 251 Independence 255 Bongo Ondimba's Rule 256 Democratization 259 Civil Society The Incomplete State and the Alternate State in Papua New Guinea Hank Nelson 263 Colonial Rule Under a Succession of Powers 263 Security Environment 266 Economic Environment 268 Political Environment 269 Prospects National Identity and Exclusion in Indonesia Robert Cribb 277 Big-man Rule 279 National Identity and Exclusion 281 National Principles: Sukarno's Pancasila 283 General Suharto and the Insider-Trader Economy 286 The Post-Suharto Decentralization 287

6 ix Conclusions S.C.M. Paine 291 Nation Building 292 State Building 297 The Showstoppers 300 The Inhibitors 304 The Prospects 308 About the Contributors 313 Index 317

THE WORLD IN THE TWENTIETH CENTURY

Fourth Edition THE WORLD IN THE TWENTIETH CENTURY From Empires to Nations \ \ DANJEL R. BROWER University of Calif&nia-Davis PRENTICE HALL, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 Contents Maps, vi Preface,