DIPLOMATIC DISCOURSE: INTERNATIONAL CONFLICT AT THE UNITED NATIONS- ADDRESSES AND ANALYSIS

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1 DIPLOMATIC DISCOURSE: INTERNATIONAL CONFLICT AT THE UNITED NATIONS- ADDRESSES AND ANALYSIS RAY T. DONAHUE NAGOYA GAKUIN UNIVERSITY AND MICHAEL H. PROSSER ROCHESTER INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY (A) ABLEX PUBLISHING CORPORATION GREENWICH, CONNECTICUT LONDON, ENGLAND

2 PREFACE o xi INTRODUCTION 1 Terms 1 Plan of the Book 2 Selection of UN Addresses 3 Language Version of Addresses 3 An Inherent Limitation 4 Criticism of the United Nations 5 PARTI. DISCOURSE ANALYSIS 1. ) DISCOURSE ANALYSIS: A CONCEPTUAL FOUNDATION 7 Contextualism 8 Words: Empty Containers? 13 Scripted Language 14 Expectancy: A Key to Discourse 17 Interactive Processing 18 Motivated Discourse 21 Critical Communication )FRAMING AND FORMATTING OF DISCOURSE 31 ^c: Linguistic Levels 31 Discourse Levels 32 Discourse Inventory 35 A Japanese Bridges an International Conflict \ CONTRASTS DISCOURSE ANALYSIS: J GENRE AND CULTURE 65 Salutation 66 Level of Formality 68 An Eye for an I 69 Method 71 Results 72 Personal References: Self-Disclosures 74 vii

3 viii Cultural Logics FUNCTIONAL VERSUS STRUCTURAL APPROACHES TO DISCOURSE ANALYSIS The Concept of Structure A Functional Reanalysis of a Cross-Linguistic Study (Continued) ASIAN CONFLICT: NORTH AND SOUTH KOREA FACE OFF AT THE UN The Crucial Beginning Proposals by a Peacemaker and Statesman Diplomatic Euphemism Closure Kang, the North Korean UN Speechmaking: A Social Situation Media Reaction to Kang Kang's Address Compared A Contradiction PART II. RHETORICAL ANALYSIS ^6J RHETORICAL ANALYSIS: CLASSICAL ANTECEDENTS AND THEIR SUCCESSORS 139 The Ratio of the Human Senses in the Development of Culture 140 Stages of Human Development through Communication 141 Early Greek Contributions to Rhetorical Theory and Analysis 143 The Role of Rhetorical Truth in Ancient Greece: Plato's Views 146 Aristotle's Rhetorica: Definitions 148 The Greek Concept of Stasis and Roman Concept of Status, or Basis as the Clash Point of an Issue 152 Aristotle's Definitions of Proofs as a Form of Persuasion 154 Synopsis of Rhetorical Trends to the 20th Century ) RHETORICAL ANALYSIS: ^ CONTEMPORARY WESTERN PERSPECTIVES 169 Contemporary North American Rhetoricians 169 Meaning Centered Rhetoric 172 Value-Centered Rhetoric: Richard Weaver 180

4 ix Motivational or Dramatistic Rhetoric: Kenneth Burke 185 Contemporary European Rhetoricians RHETORICAL ANALYSIS: THREE UN SITUATIONS 199 "The Goal of a World at Peace," Queen Elizabeth II, United Kingdom "The Failure of the Security Council Is a Failure of the United Nations," US Ambassador Adlai E. Stevenson, Security Council of the UN, Statements on the Goa Question 206 Stevenson's Second Statement 209 of Analysis Based on Classical Rhetoric: Stasis the Point of Clash on the Goa Question 210 Stevenson's Basic Premises in his Two Statements 211 Stevenson's Logical Development of Arguments and Evidence 212 Stevenson's Appeals for Ethos in his Statements 214 Stevenson's Emotional Appeals 215 Stevenson's Efforts at Refutation 216 Some Estimates of Stevenson's Long Term Ethos and Rhetorical Effectiveness Analysis of Stevenson's Statements Utilizing Contemporary Western Contributions 221 Judicial or Forensic Rhetoric at the International Court of Justice concerning the Complaint of Nicaragua against the United States Bombing its Harbors and Other Hostile Acts PART III. APPLICATIONS 9. MIDDLE EASTERN CONFLICT: ISRAEL AND THE PLO 247 Questions for Analysis 248 Chairman Yassar Arafat, Chairman of the Palestinian Liberation Organization, United Nations Security Council 249 Elite Media Reaction to the Arafat Statement to the Security Council in Geneva 258 Questions for Analysis 261 Events between Israel and Arab States and between Israel and the PLO since

5 x 10. AN AFRICAN CONFLICT RESOLVED 265 Questions for Analysis 265 Nelson Rorihlahla Mandela, President of the Republic of South Africa, United Nations General Assembly 266 Elite Media Reaction to the Mandela General Assembly Address and Related Events 272 Questions for Analysis SUPER POWER CONFLICTS AND RESOLUTIONS 279 Questions for Analysis 281 Ronald Reagan, President of the United States, United Nations General Assembly 283 Mikhail Gorbachev, General Secretary of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, United Nations General Assembly 294 The Elite Media Reaction to Reagan's Address 311 The Elite Media Reaction to Gorbachev's Address 313 Questions for Analysis TOWARD A FUTURE WORLD ORDER 321 France 322 Questions for Analysis 322 Francois Mitterand, President of France, United Nations Security Council 322 The Russian Federation 327 Questions for Analysis 327 Boris Yeltsin, President of the Russian Federation, United Nations Security Council 327 Consolidation Exercise 332 For Further Study FREEDOM, HUMAN RIGHTS, AND WOMEN'S RIGHTS 335 Hillary Rodham Clinton, First Lady of the United States of America, World Health Organization Forum on Women and Health Security, Beijing, China 336 Pope John Paul II, The Holy See, United Nations General Assembly 341 APPENDIX 349 REFERENCES 351 AUTHOR INDEX 369 SUBJECT INDEX 375 ABOUT THE AUTHORS 385

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