CONTENTS PART ONE INTRODUCTORY REFLECTIONS

Transcription

1 CONTENTS Preface Table of Cases Table of Statutes xiii XV xix PART ONE INTRODUCTORY REFLECTIONS 1. THE PLACE AND FUNCTION OF LEGAL THEORY 3 2. GREEK PHILOSOPHY AND THE BASIC PROBLEMS OF LAW 5 From Homer to Pericles 6 Plato's Approach to Law 7 Aristotle's Contribution to Legal Theory LAW, JUSTICE, ETHICS, AND SOCIAL MORALITY 14 The Concept of Law 14 The Concept of a Legal System 16 The Relation of Justice to Law and Ethics 21 Ethics and Social Morality 25 Ethical Theories and Valuations 27 Ethical and Legal Theory 28 Legal Theories Based on Objective Ethical Criteria 30 Pragmatism in Ethics and Law ~ 31 Ethical and Legal Theories Denying Objective Validity 32 Relativism in Ethics and Legal Philosophy 32 Noncognitivist Ethical Theories 36 Ethical Theories and the Solution of Legal Problems- An Illustration 39 Social Morality and the Legal Order 42 v

2 vi Law, Morality, and Social Change 44 Law and the Enforcement of Morals SciENCE AND LEGAL THEORY 48 Methods of Inquiry 49 Facts, Values and Judgments in the Social Sciences 53 Policy Decisions and the Art of Judgment 56 Science, Determinism, and Legal Responsibility 60 Psychology and Criminal Responsibility 60 Moral Guilt, Determinism and Legal Responsibility 63 Genetics and Responsibility LEGAL THEORY AND SOCIAL EVOLUTION 70 Law and Social Change 70 Legal Idealism and the Sociological Approach to Law THE PRINCIPAL ANTINOMIES IN LEGAL THEORY 82 Individual and Universe 82 Voluntarism and Objective Knowledge 83 Intellect and Intuition 84 Stability and Change 86 Positivism and Idealism 87 Collectivism and Individualism 88 Democracy and Autocracy 91 Nationalism and Internationalism 91 vii St. Thomas Aquinas ( ) 108 Duns Scotus ( ) and William of Occam ( ) REASON AND THE LAW OF NATURE NATURAL LAW AND SOCIAL CONTRACT 117 Grotius ( ) 119 Hobbes ( ) 120 Locke ( ) 122 Rousseau ( ) TWILIGHT OF NATURAL LAW IDEOLOGY 128 Montesquieu ( ) 128 Hume ( ) and Modern Scepticism NATURAL LAW THEORIES IN ANGLO-AMERICAN LEGAL DEVELOPMENT 132 Natural Law Ideas in English Law 133 Natural Law in American Jurisprudence REVIVAL OF NATURAL LAW THEORIES 152 Section Two Philosophical Idealism and the Problem of Jlistice PART TWO A CRITICAL SURVEY OF LEGAL THEORIES Section One Natural Law and the Search for Absolute Values 7. THE PROBLEM OF NATURAL LAW ANCIENT THEORIES 98 Greek Theories of Natural Justice 98 Natural Law and Roman Jurisprudence THE MIDDLE AGES 104 Foundation of Medieval, Political and Legal Thought tp4 Natural Law and Divine Order 107 Decretum Gratianum GERMAN TRANSCENDENTAL IDEALISM Kant ( ) Fichte ( ) Hegel ( ) Neo-Hegelians 16. NEO KANTIAN PHILOSOPHY AND SCIENTIFIC LEGAL IDEALISM Stammler The Concept of Law The Idea of Law Del Vecchio Binder 17. MODERN VALUE PHILOSOPHIES AND THE LAW Relativism (Weber, Radbruch, Holmes)

3 viii Phenomenology, Existentialism and Contemporary Legal Philosophy Scheler and Hartmann Existentialism Modern Latin-American Legal Philosophies The "Natur der Sache" Phenomenology and Law Critique.of Phenomenological and Existentialist Legal Theory Section Three The Impact of Social Development on Legal Theory 18. HISTORICAL EVOLUTION AS A GUIDE TO LEGAL THOUGHT 209 Savigny's Historical School 209 Hegel, Maine and Ethnological Interpretations of Law BIOLOGY, SOCIETY AND LEGAL EVOLUTION The New Social Discipline Biology and Human Progress Darwin and Spencer Comte, Durkheim and Duguit Gierke Hauriou 20. MoDERN SociOLOGICAL THEORIES of LAw Meaning and Definitions of Sociological Jurisprudence 243 Sociological Theories of Legal Evolution 245 Ehrlich Section Four Positivism and Legal Theory 21. POSITIVISM IN MODERN PHILOSOPHY 22. ANALYTICAL LEGAL POSITIVISM Different Aspects of Analytical Legal Positivism Austin's Theory of Law German Positivistic Theories of Law and State Analytical Positivism in France and the "Code Civil" Austin's Successors and Critics POSITIVISM AND THE ANALYSIS OF LEGAL CONCEPTS Analytical Jurisprudence and the "Meaning" of Legal Concepts 24. KELSEN'S PURE THEORY OF LAW Contemporary Modifications of Analytical Positivism (Hart) Analytical Positivism-Some Conclusions 25. PRAGMATIC POSITIVISM The American Realist Movement The Scandinavian Realists ix Section Five Utilitarianism, the Jurisprudence of Interests and the New Legal Idealism 26. LAW AND THE PURSUIT OF INTERESTS 312 Bentham's Utilitarianism 312 John Stuart Mill 320 Rudolph von Ihering and the Foundation of Sociological Jurisprudence THE NEW LEGAL IDEALISM 326 Legal Theory and Social Problems 326 Francois Geny 328 German "Interessenjurisprudenz" 332 Social Engineering: Roscoe Pound and his Successors 336 Free Law Theories (Freirechtslehre) 342 Section Six A Critique of the Search for Absolute Legal Values 28. IDEALS OF JUSTICE 345 Rationalistic, Metaphysical and Intuitive Ideals of Justice 345 Relativism and Justice 346 Pound's Critique of "Give it up" Philosophies 347 The Judicial Scepticism of Holmes 348 Radbruch and the German Revival of "Higher Law" Philosophy 350

4 x Critique of Natural Law Approach to the Conflict of Values 356 Value Conflicts and Universally Valid Insights 359 Universality and Cleavage in Contemporary Theories of Justice 363 PART THREE LEGAL THEORY AND CONTEMPORARY PROBLEMS Section One Legal Theory of Modern Political Movements 29. SOCIALIST AND COMMUNIST THEORIES OF LAW 367 Marxist Theory 367 Renner's Analysis of Property in Capitalist Society 368 Soviet Legal Theory and Practice 373 Legal Theory of Social Democracy NEo-ScHOLASTIC DoCTRINE AND MoDERN CATHOLIC 387 LEGAL PHILOSOPHY Restatement of Thomistic Principles by the Catholic Church Neo-Scholastic Natural Law Theories 31. LEGAL VALUES OF MODERN DEMOCRACY Rights of the Individual Freedom of Contract Freedom of Labour and Association Freedom of Property Freedom of Enterprise Freedom of the Person Equality Government of the People The Role of Law and the Function of the Lawyer in Developing Countries Section Two Legal Theory, Public Policy and Legal Evolution 32. LEGAL IDEALS AND JUDICIAL LAW-MAKING ' xi Judicial Law-Making in Contemporary Jurisprudence 439 Judicial Role in Three Types of Legal Systems 440 Judicial Law-Making in Federal Constitutions 442 Judicial Role in the British System 449 Interpretations of Statutes and Precedent 451 Principles of Statutory Interpretation 452 Rules and Decision 461 Precedent and Legal Development 463 Recent Modifications of the Doctrine of Precedent 474 Precedent in the Criminal Law 476 Public Policy 479 General Equity 490 Legal Development in the Contemporary Common Law 492 Limits of Judicial Law-Making and Prospective Overruli~ ~0 Legislative Inaction and Judicial Reform 500 Criteria for Limits of Judicial Reform 503 Prospective Overruling and Judicial Law-Making 507 Alternative Roads to Legal Reform 511 Conclusions ENGLISH, AMERICAN AND CONTINENTAL APPROACHES TO LAW General Differences Legal Concepts Property Law Corporate Personality Criminal Law Family Law Contract and Commercial Law Law of Torts Evidence and Procedure The Role of the Judge Code Law and Case Law Abstract Principles and Concrete Decision Dualism of Law and Equity Private Law and Administrative Law The Narrowing of the Gap 34. CORPORATE PERSONALITY IN THEORY AND PRACTICE The Principal Theories of Corporate Personality Lifting the Veil of Corporate Personality

5 xii Criminal Liability of Corporations 565 The Unincorporated Association and Corporate Personality 567 Corporate Personality-Theory and Reality 571 Section Three Legal Theory and International Society 35. STATE SOVEREIGNTY AND INTERNATIONAL ORDER Principal Theories of State Sovereignty National Sovereignty and International Law Selected Bibliography Index of Authors General Index