Universal Human Rights in Theory and Practice

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1 Universal Human Rights in Theory and Practice 2d Edition Jack Donnelly CORNELL UNIVERSITY PRESS ITHACA AND LONDON

2 Contents PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION IX INTRODUCTION 1 Part I. Toward a Theory of Universal Human Rights 1. THE CONCEPT OF HUMAN RIGHTS 7 1. How Rights "Work" 7 2. Special Features of Human Rights Human Rights and Human Nature The Question of Foundations THE UNIVERSAL DECLARATION MODEL The Universal Declaration Model Individual Rights Interdependence and Indivisibility The State and International Human Rights EQUAL CONCERN AND RESPECT Hegemony and Settled Norms An Overlapping Consensus on International Human Rights Moral Theory, Political Theory, and Human Rights Equal Concern and Respect Toward a Liberal Theory of Human Rights Consensus: Overlapping but Bounded 51 Part II. Cultural Relativism and International Human Rights 4. MARKETS, STATES, AND "THE WEST" The Evolution of Lists of Human Rights Markets, States, and Political Equality 58

3 vi Contents 3. Expanding the Subjects and Substance of Human Rights Linking "The West" and Human Rights States, Citizens, and the Legal Order Economic and Social Rights and the Welfare State Inside, Outside, and the Society of States Global Markets Historical Analysis and the Genetic Fallacy NON-WESTERN CONCEPTIONS OF HUMAN RIGHTS Islam and Human Rights The Premodern West Traditional Africa Traditional Confucian China Caste and Human Rights The Relevance of Human Rights Culture and Human Rights CULTURAL RELATIVISM AND UNIVERSAL HUMAN RIGHTS Defining Cultural Relativism Relativity and Universalism: A Necessary Tension Internal Versus External Judgments Concepts, Interpretations, Implementations Explaining the Persistence of Culturalist Arguments Culture and Politics Dialogue over Real Differences HUMAN RIGHTS AND "ASIAN VALUES" Sovereignty and International Human Rights The Demands of Development Economic and Social Rights Individuals and Society Rights and Duties Traditional Order and Human Rights Human Rights and "Asian Values" 119 Part III. Human Rights and International Action 8. INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS REGIMES International Regimes The Global Human Rights Regime 129

4 Contents vii 3. Political Foundations of the Global Regime Regional Human Rights Regimes Single-Issue Human Rights Regimes The Evolution of Human Rights Regimes HUMAN RIGHTS AND FOREIGN POLICY Human Rights: A Legitimate Concern of Foreign Policy? International Human Rights and National Identity Trade-offs Choice of Means The Purposes of International Human Rights Policies Selectivity and Consistency Toward More Effective International Human Rights Policies THE PRIORITY OF NATIONAL ACTION The Limits of Multilateral Action The Limits of Bilateral Action The Limits of International Action 179 Part IV. Essays on Contemporary Theory and Practice 11. DEMOCRACY, DEVELOPMENT, AND HUMAN RIGHTS The Contemporary Language of Legitimacy Defining Democracy Democracy and Human Rights Defining Development Development-Rights Trade-offs Development and Civil and Political Rights Markets and Economic and Social Rights The Liberal Democratic Welfare State GROUP RIGHTS AND HUMAN RIGHTS Individual and Community Liberal Approaches to Group Difference Group Human Rights: A Skeptical View Women Minorities Protecting Group Identity, Indigenous Peoples Group Rights in a Human Rights Framework 217

5 viii Contents 9. Cultural Rights A Right to Cultural Identity Appendix: The Right of Peoples to Self-Determination NONDISCRIMINATION FOR ALL: 225 THE CASE OF SEXUAL MINORITIES 1. The Right to Nondiscrimination Nondiscrimination and Political Struggle Discrimination against Sexual Minorities Nature, (Im)Morality, and Public Morals Strategies for Inclusion GENOCIDE AND HUMANITARIAN INTERVENTION Intervention and International Law Humanitarian Intervention and International Law The Moral Standing of the State Politics, Partisanship, and International Order Changing Conceptions of Security and Sovereignty Justifying the Antigenocide Norm Changing Legal Practices "Justifying" Humanitarian Intervention Mixed Motives and the Problem of Consistency Politics and the Authority to Intervene Judging the Kosovo Intervention 258 REFERENCES 26l INDEX 287

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