International Relations and World Politics

Transcription

1 A International Relations and World Politics Security, Economy, Identity Paul R. Viotti University o ty of Denver Mark V. Kauppi Department of Defense Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458

2 Contents Preface xiv PART I OVERVIEW 1 Chapter Introduction: Trends, Concepts, Actors, 1 and Perspectives 2 Trends 4 Interdependence 4 Crises of authority 7 Connections and cautions 7 Concepts 8 Actors 10 Individuals and world politics 15 Perspectives on International Relations and World Politics 15 International Relations and World Politics 18 Overview 19 Key Terms and Concepts 20 Additional Readings 21 vti

3 Vlii CONTENTS Appendix A The Charter of the United Nations 22 Chapter International Relations and World Politics in Historical Perspective 45 International Systems: Definition and Scope 46 Four Types of International Systems: An Overview 48 The Persian Empire 51 Classical Greece: Independent state and hegemonic systems 52 India: Independent state and imperial systems 56 The Roman Empire 5 7 Medieval Europe and the feudal system 61 The Rise of the European Independent State System 63 The emergence of collective hegemony 70 The globalization of the European system 72 Conclusion 77 Key Terms and Concepts 79 Additional Readings 79 PART II STATE SECURITY AND STATECRAFT 81 Chapter Interests, Objectives, and Power of States 82 Framework: Interests, Objectives, Threats, Opportunities 85 Policymaking conflicts over interests and objectives 89 Prioritization of conflicts 91 Competing domestic and foreign policy objectives 92 States versus other actors 94 Capabilities and Power: Translating Objectives Into Realities 94 Political capabilities 96 Social and cultural capabilities 101 Geographic, economic, and technological capabilities 102 Military capabilities 105 Measuring power 106 Conclusion 108 Key Terms and Concepts 108 Additional Readings 109

4 CONTENTS ix Chapter Diplomacy: Managing Relations Among International A Actors 110 Definition and Scope 113 The Historical Development of Diplomacy 115 Diplomatic Machinery and Processes 118 Recognition of states and governments 118 Diplomatic immunities and protections 122 The organization of diplomatic missions 123 The modalities of effective diplomacy 126 Conclusion 130 Key Terms and Concepts 132 Additional Readings 132 Chapter The Use of Military Force: War, Just Wars, and Armed c Intervention 135 The Rationalities and Irrationalities of Interstate War 134 The Causes of War 135 International system level of analysis 136 Individual and group levels of analysis 138 State and societal level of analysis 138 National Strategy and the Use of Force 141 Restraining War: Moral and Legal Principles and the Use of Force 144 Pacifism and bellicism 144 Just-war theory 146 Conduct during war 148 Noncombatants 150 Law, Armed Intervention, and World Politics 152 Intervention and civil wars 154 Humanitarian intervention 155 Law, Force, and National Security 155 Conclusion 157 Key Terms and Concepts 158 Additional Readings 158

5 CONTENTS PART III INTERNATIONAL SECURITY 159 Chapter Terrorism, Crime, and Weapons z: Proliferation 161 Terrorism 161 Causes of terrorism 166 Extent of international terrorism 168 Responses 170 Transnational Crime 173 Case study: The United States, Latin America, and drugs 176 Weapons Proliferation 178 Nuclear weapons and material 178 Chemical and biological weapons 182 Ballistic missiles 182 Conventional weapons 183 Conclusion 184 Key Terms and Concepts 185 Additional Readings 185 Chapter International Cooperation: Alliances, 7 Collective Security, Arms Control, and Security Regimes 186 Cooperation, Harmony, Discord 187 World government 188 Alliances 188 Collective security 190 Controlling Armaments 195 Arms control verification and compliance 198 International security, national security, and the implications for nuclear arms control regimes 200 Arms control, deterrence, defense, and warfighting 200 Deterrence theory: Some concerns 207 International security and the construction of regimes for conventional armaments: arms control agendas after the cold war 208 Functional approaches to controlling or managing conflicts 210

6 CONTENTS Xi Conclusion 214 Key Terms and Concepts 215 Additional Readings 215 Appendix B The North Atlantic Treaty 216 PART IV THE GLOBAL ECONOMY AND SOCIETY 229 Chapter The Global Economy: Politics and Capitalism 221! The Emergence and Development of Capitalism as a Worldwide Form of Political Economy 222 Identifying the attributes of capitalist political economy 223 The Passing of Feudalism and the New Politics of Capitalism, Mercantilism, and Liberalism 226 The progressive globalization of capitalism 229 The Twentieth-Century Debate on Global Commerce 232 The North-South Divide 237 Population growth and other constraints on economic development 239 Regional economic integration and global commerce 245 A Look Ahead 246 Conclusion 248 Key Terms and Concepts 249 Additional Readings 250 Chapter Refugees, Resources, and the Environment: The Role Q! of International and Transnational Organizations 251 Refugees 251 The refugee international regime 256 Resource Scarcity and Demographics 261 Environment and international security 264 International organizations and the environment 268 Transnational organizations and the environment 271 Conclusion 273 Key Terms and Concepts 273 Additional Readings 273

7 Xli CONTENTS PART V IDENTITY IN WORLD POLITICS 275 Chapter Nations, States, and Conflicting Identities Religion 278 Nations, Ethnic Groups, and States 279 Binational states 283 Multinational, multi-tribal, and other multi-ethnic states 284 Nation-states and nations without states 290 Nations and Nationalism 291 Alternative approaches to nationality and ethnicity 293 Alternative approaches to maintaining unity in binational, multinational, and multi-ethnic states 294 Social and Economic Approaches to Intercommunal Peace 29S Conclusion 300 Key Terms and Concepts 301 Additional Readings 301 Chapter Humanitarianism: Justice and Human Rights 303 J[ 1 Human Rights and the Human Condition 304 Justice: The Universality of Human Rights Versus State Sovereignty 307 Human rights and the liberal tradition 308 Human rights across cultures 311 Culturally specifiedrightsand values 313 Toward Global Society and Values That Transcend Diverse Cultures 314 From theory to fact 316 Machinery for human rights issues and cases 322 Conclusion 326 Key Terms and Concepts 327 Additional Readings 328 Appendix C Universal Declaration of Human Rights 329

8 CONTENTS Xiii Chapter Conclusion: Optimistic and Pessimistic Views I 'i of the Coming Century 334 Economic and Technological Optimists 335 Social and Environmental Pessimists 336 Realists and Pluralists 338 Final Words 340 Glossary 341 Photo Credits 367 About the Authors 368 Index 369 Maps The Roman Empire, Second Century A.D. 58 Europe in The United Kingdom and Ireland 282 Yugoslavia and Successor States 285 Africa: Tribal Boundaries 289