Comparative Politics

Transcription

1 SUB Hamburg A/ Comparative Politics DAVID J.S A M U E L S University of Minnesota, Minneapolis PEARSON Boston Columbus Indianapolis New York San Francisco Upper Saddle River Amsterdam Cape Town Dubai London Madrid Milan Munich Paris Montreal Toronto Delhi Mexico City Sao Paulo Sydney Hong Kong Seoul Singapore Taipei Tokyo

2 BRIEF CONTENTS Detailed Contents Preface xiii Maps xxi viii CHAPTER 1 Doing Comparative Politics 1 CHAPTER 2 The State 28 CHAPTER 3 Democratic Political Regimes 58 CHAPTER 4 Non-Democratic Political Regimes 91, CHAPTER 5 Regime Change 121 CHAPTER 6 Political Identity 149 CHAPTER 7 Religion and Politics 175 CHAPTER 8 Gender and Politics 201 CHAPTER 9 Collective Action 228 CHAPTER 10 Political Violence 257 CHAPTER 11 Political Economy of Development 285 CHAPTER 12 The Political Economy of Redistribution 315 CHAPTER 13 Globalization 345 Glossary 377 Credits 385 Subject Index 387 Name Index 397

3 K DETAILED CONTENTS Preface Maps xxi xiii CHAPTER 1 Politics 1 Doing Comparative CHAPTER QUESTION: Why study comparative politics? Studying Comparative Politics 4 The Foundations of Comparative Politics 5 The Comparative Method 8 Asking Questions 9 Formulating Hypotheses 10 Using the Comparative Method 13 Challenges to Comparative Research 17 Separating Correlation from Causation 17 Identifying Causation 18 Assessing Unreliable Information 18 k. Hypothesis Testing: Montesquieu's Theory of Climate 20 Approaches to Doing Comparative Politics 22 Quantitative Research 22 Qualitative Research 23 Conclusion 24 CHAPTER 2 The State 28 CHAPTER QUESTION: Where do "states" come from? Balancing Individual and Collective Interests 30 The Prisoner's Dilemma 30 Hobbes's Problem 31 Hobbes's Solution 33 Establishing Institutions 34 Sovereignty 34 State versus Government 35 State versus Nation 35 State versus Society 37 Understanding Early State Formation 38 Political Interests and Early State Formation 40 The Natural Environment and Early State Formation 43 Understanding Late State Formation 44 Political Interests and Late State Formation 44 The Natural Environment and Late State Formation 47 k. Hypothesis Testing: A Colonial Legacy Always Results in a Weak State: The Cases of Zimbabwe and Botswana 48 The Consequences of Late State Formation 50 Measuring State Strength 52 The State Fragility Index 52 How the Index Works 54 Conclusion 54 CHAPTER 3 Regimes 58 Democratic Political CHAPTER QUESTION: What is democracy? Defining Democracy 60 Accountability 60 Participation 60 Contestation 61 Requirements for Democracy 63 Elected Government 63 Civil Liberties 63 Fair and Frequent Elections 64 Assessing the "Quality" of Democracy 64 viii

4 Detailed Contents ix Madison's Dilemma: Balancing Limited and Effective Government 66 Unitary versus Federal Constitutions 67 Executive-Legislative Relations 69 Presidentialism 70 Parliamentarism 70 Hybrid Systems 70 Addressing Madison's Dilemma 73 Judicial Review versus Parliamentary Supremacy 78 Majoritarian versus Proportional Electoral Systems 79 Plurality Rule 80 k. Hypothesis Testing: Plurality Rule Discriminates against Small Parties: Comparing the UK and India 81 Majority Rule 84 Proportional Representation 84 Mixed Electoral Rules 86 Conclusion 88 CHAPTER 4 Regimes 91 Non-Democratic Political CHAPTER QUESTION: What is non-democracy? Understanding the Principles of Non- Democracy 93 Differentiating Totalitarian and Authoritarian Regimes 95 Use of Ideology 95 Extent of Coercive Mobilization % Degree of Social and Political Pluralism 98 Differentiating Communist and Fascist Ideologies 100 Communism 100 Fascism 101 Comparing Totalitarian Ideologies 102 Comparing Institutions of Non-Democratic Regimes 104 Monarchies 105 Single-Party Regimes 105 Military Regimes 106 Oligarchies 108 Theocracies 109 Personalistic Regimes 110 Conclusion 114 k Hypothesis Testing: Corruption Is Worse in Personalistic Non-Democracies: Comparing Congo and China 115 CHAPTERS Regime Change 119 CHAPTER QUESTION: What are the causes of regime change? Historical Trends 121 Domestic Causes of Regime Change 123 The Civic Culture 123 Economic Change 125 The Role of the Military 129 k. Hypothesis Testing: Weak Landowning Elites and a Weak Military Can Sustain Democracy: The Case of Costa Rica 132 International Causes of Regime Change 133 U.S. Foreign Policy 133 Soviet Foreign Policy 135 Changes in the Catholic Church 135 The European Union 136 Globalization 136 Short-Term Catalysts of Regime Change 137 The Future of Regime Change 139 Illiberal Democracies 140 From Illiberal Democracy to "Not Free"? 141 Conclusion 143 CHAPTER 6 Political Identity 147 CHAPTER QUESTION: When does identity become politicized? Forms of Political Identity 149 Karl Marx and Economic Identity 150 Max Weber and Cultural Identity 151 Interests and Identity for Marx and Weber 152

5 Detailed Contents Politicizing Identity: Primordialism 153 Samuel Huntington and Global Conflict 154 Samuel Huntington's Critics 155 Evaluating Primordialism. 155 Politicizing Identity: Constructivism 157 Identity and Individual Choice 157 i Identity and the Social Context 158 Constructivism and Racial and National Identity in Brazil 161 k. Hypothesis Testing: Collective Memory Influences the Construction of Political Identity: Comparing the United States and Brazil 164 Constructivism and Nationalist Identity in Europe 166 Conclusion 169 CHAPTER 7 Religion and Politics 173 CHAPTER QUESTION: What is the relationship between religious identity and democracy? Religion and Democracy 175 Christianity and Democracy 176 Protestantism and Democracy 177 Catholicism and Democracy 179 Islam and Democracy 182 Separation of Religion and the State under Islam 182 The Status of Muslim Women 183 Islam and Politics in Arab Societies 184 k. Hypothesis Testing: In a Democracy Deeply Divided by Religious Disputes, Treating Everyone Equally Is the Best Way to Promote Domestic Stability and Peace: The Case of India 185 Modernization, Secularization, and Democracy 190 Evidence of Secularization 191 Connecting Modernization, Secularization, and Democratization 195 Conclusion 198 CHAPTER 8 Gender and Politics 201 CHAPTER QUESTION: How do attitudes about gender influence politics? Defining Gender 203 Gender as a Category Gender as a Process 204 Attitudes about Gender around the World 206 Modernization and Attitudes about Gender 206 Attitudes about Gender, Attitudes about Democracy 207 Gender Gaps in Established Democracies 209 The "Traditional" versus the "Modern" Gender Gap 209 Shaping the Modern Gender Gap 210 Women Shaping Gender Relations 211 k. Hypothesis Testing: Gender Quota Laws Are the Only Way to Dramatically Increase the Number of Female Legislators: Comparing Costa Rica and South Africa 214 Politics Shapes Gender Roles 217 Similar Societies, Different Outcomes: Tunisia, Morocc and Algeria 217 Similar Societies, Different Outcomes: Wealthy Democracies 219 Conclusion 224 CHAPTER 9 Collective Action 228 CHAPTER QUESTION: Why do people participate collectively in politics? Resolving Collective Action Problems 230 Coercing 231 Appealing 231 Enticing 232 Political Leadership 233 Social Movements 235 Characteristics of Social Movements 235 How Social Movements Form 237 L. Hypothesis Testing: Political Context Shapes Social Movement Mobilization: Comparing Indigenous Movements in Bolivia and Peru 238 The Dilemma of Formalization 240 Interest Groups 242 Characteristics of Interest Groups 242 How Interest Groups Form 243 Illustrating Corporatism: The Case of Sweden 244

6 Detailed Contents xi Political Parties 246 Characteristics of Political Parties 246 Party Systems 248 Origins of Parties and Party Systems 250 Conclusion 253 CHAPTER 10 Political Violence 257 CHAPTER QUESTION: What causes political violence? Defining Political Violence 258 Civil Wars 259 Opportunities and Civil War 259 Interests and Civil War 263 Revolutions 268 k State Weakness 270 Widespread Popular Grievances 272 Consequences of Revolutions 273 Hypothesis Testing: The Iranian Revolution Constitutes a Case of "Real" Revolution 274 Terrorism 276 Hard Targets 277 Religious " Warfare and Welfare" 277 Genocide 279 Ethnic War and Absent International Response 279 Government Pressure 280 Conclusion 282 CHAPTER 11 Political Economy of Development 285 CHAPTER QUESTION: How do states promote economic development? States and Markets 287 What All States Take: Taxes 288 What Some States Give: Protection against Market Failures 288 Democracy versus Non-Democracy 293 Degrees of State Intervention 297 Free Markets versus Command Economies 298 Social Democracies and State-Led Development 299 Colonial Legacies 304 Colonization and Long-Term Paths of Development 306 k. Hypothesis Testing: Nature Shapes Colonization Strategies and Long-Term Paths of Economic Development 308 Post-Colonial Status and Economic Development 310 Conclusion 311 CHAPER 12 The Political Economy of Redistribution 315 CHAPTER QUESTION: Why do some wealthy democracies engage in more economic redistribution than others? The Welfare State 317 Measuring the "Size" of the Welfare State 317 Comparing Health-Care Spending 318 Comparing Childcare and Poverty Relief Programs 319 Comparing Labor Laws 319 Why Welfare States Exist 321 Progressive Taxation 321 Social Insurance Provision 325 Debating the Welfare State 331 Explaining Variation in Welfare State Spending 332 Labor Unions: Economic Interest Groups 332 The Left-Right Economic Divide and Political Identities 333 The Impact of Political Institutions 334 The Impact of State Strength 335 The Role of Globalization 336 k. Hypothesis Testing: Greater Ethnic Diversity Explains Low Levels of Welfare Spending: Sweden and the United States 339 Conclusion 341 CHAPTER 13 Globalization 345 CHAPTER QUESTION: How has globalization shaped politics in the world's states? Defining Globalization 346

7 xii Detailed Contents Political Globalization 349 Consequences for State Sovereignty 350 Consequences for Democracy 352 Economic Globalization 355 Explaining Economic Globalization 357 Globalization and Poverty 358 Globalization and Social Welfare 361 k Hypothesis Testing: Poor People in Developing Countries Oppose Economic Globalization: The Case of Bolivia 364 Cultural Globalization 366 Globalization Homogenizes World Culture 366 Globalization Allows Cultures to Flourish 370 Conclusion 371 Glossary 377 Credits 385 Subject Index 387 Name Index 397