SUB Hamburg A/ Thirteenth Edition POWER & CHOICE. An Introduction to Political Science. W. PhiUips Shively. University of Minnesota

Transcription

1 SUB Hamburg A/ Thirteenth Edition POWER & CHOICE An Introduction to Political Science W. PhiUips Shively University of Minnesota Me Graw Hill ^Connect Learn I Succeed"

2 CONTENTS Examples and Boxed Features xiii Preface xiv PART 1 <^R» THE IDEA OF POLITICS 1 CHAPTER 1 Politics: Setting the Stage 1 Politics 2 Politics as the Making of Common Decisions 3 Politics as the Exercise of Power 4 Power and Choice 9 Politics of the State 17 Political Science 18 The Pleasures of Politics 21 CHAPTER 2 Modern Ideologies and Political Philosophy 23 American Ideologies 25 Liberalism 28 The Conservative Reaction 31 The Socialist Alternative 35 Communism and Socialism 37 Fascism 38 Ideologies in the Twenty-First Century 39 Religion, Politics, and Political Philosophy 41 Political Philosophy in Other Historical Eras 44 PART 11 <^ THE STATE AND PUBLIC POLICY 49 CHAPTER 3 The Modern State 49 The Development of the Modern State 51 The Origin of States: Power or Choice? 53 VI

3 CONTENTS vn The State as a Device to Provide Public Goods 55 "State," "Nation," and the "Nation-State" 57 State-Building 63 Government and the State 64 Challenges to the State 67 Example: State-Building in Nigeria 69 Example: State-Building in the European Union 71 CHAPTER 4 Policies of the State 76 The Role of Government in the Third World 79 Constraints and Conditions for Policy 81 Defense Policy 84 Education 86 Research and Development 87 Health and Social Welfare 89 The Place of Power in Policy Analysis 91 Example: The Demographic Challenge 92 Example: Economic Development Compared with "Human Development" 93 CHAPTER 5 Economic Policy of the State 96 Economic Performance I: Growth 97 Economic Performance II: Controlling Inflation and Unemployment 104 Unemployment 106 Distribution.and Economic Inequality 109 Independent Central Banks 112 Corruption 115 Other Measures Available to Government 119 Globalization: Are States Losing Their Ability to Make Economic Policy? 119 Political Economy 121 Example: Economic Policy in Germany 123 Example: Economic Policy in Indonesia 126 CHAPTER 6 The Problem of Justice 132 What Lies Behind Policy: Questions ofjustice and Effectiveness 131 Other Aspects of Justice: Procedural Justice 134 Effectiveness 138

4 vi ii CONTENTS A Basic Question of Effectiveness: Authority versus the Market 140 Power and Choice 145 The Need to Act, Even under Uncertainty 145 Example: Political Choice 146 PART 111 ^v- THE CITIZEN AND THE REGIME 151 CHAPTER 7 Democracies and Authoritarian Systems 151 Democracy 151 The Coming and Going of Democracy 153 Possible Explanations 155 What Did We Learn from the Third Wave? 157 Why are Prosperous Countries Likely to Be Democracies? 160 Democracy and Freedom 162 Democracy and Capitalism 163 Authoritarian Systems 164 Military Government 165 Why aren't There More Military Governments? 168 One-Party States 170 Monarchies and Theocracies 171 Democracy versus Authoritarianism: Material Considerations 172 "Power and Choice" Again 174 Example: Democratization in Spain 174 Example: Authoritarian Drift in Venezuela? 176 Example: Theocracy in Iran 178 CHAPTER 8 Political Culture and Political Socialization 181 Analyzing Political Cultures 183 An Application of Political Culture: Robert Kagan's Of Paradise and Power 186 Religion and Political Culture 187 Political Socialization 188 Political Culture and the "Democratic Citizen" 191 How Well are These Requirements Met? 193 Social Capital 197 Example: Building Authority and Legitimacy in West Germany after World War II 198 Example: Declining Democratic Legitimacy in the United States 200

5 CONTENTS IX PART IV <^ THE APPARATUS OF GOVERNANCE 205 CHAPTER 9 Constitutions and the Design of Government 205 Variations in Formality" 206 The Virtue of Vagueness 207 Other Principles of Constitutional Design 208 Constitution-Writing 211 The Geographic Concentration of Power 213 "Federal" and "Unitary" States 214 The Distinction Between "Unitary" and "Centralized" States 216 How Much Centralization is Good? 217 Constitutions and Guarantees of Rights 218 "Constitutionalism" and the Rule of Law 219 Example: Constitutional Government in Great Britain 220 Example: Constitution-Writing in South Africa 223 CHAPTER 10 Elections 226 Elections as a Means of Building Support 226 Elections as a Means of Selecting Leaders and Policies 230 Electoral Systems 230 Referendums 236 Electoral Participation 237 Effects of Choice and Information on Turnout 241 The Paradox of Voting 242 The Bases of Individuals' Electoral Choices 243 Example: Proportional Representation Elections in Israel 247 Example: Elections in Nigeria 248 CHAPTER 11 Parties: A Linking and Leading Mechanism in Politics 251 The Political Party 251 Origins of the Modern Party 252 Political Parties and the Mobilization of the Masses 253 Political Parties and the Recruitment and Socialization of Leaders 255 Political Parties as a Source of Political Identity 256 Political Parties as a Channel of Control 259 Party Organization 260 Party Finance 262

6 x CONTENTS Political Party Systems 263 Power and Choice 268 Example: The Communist Party of China 268 Example: Canada's Political Parties 270 CHAPTER 12 Structured Conflict: Interest Groups and Politics 274 Interest Groups and Representation 276 Types of Interest Groups 283 Tactics of Interest Groups 285 The Choice of Tactics 291 Patterns of Organized Interest-Group Activity 292 Pluralism 293 Neocorporatism 294 Pluralism and Neocorporatism: Power and Choice 296 Example: Interest Groups in France 297 Example: Attenuated Interest Groups in Bangladesh 298 CHAPTER 13 Social Movements and Contentious Politics 301 Why Now? 303 Social Movements as a Public Goods Problem 305 Advantages (and Disadvantages) of Informal Organization 306 Example: The Battle of Seattle 310 Example: The "Orange Revolution" in Ukraine 311 CHAPTER 14. National Decision-Making Institutions: Parliamentary Government 315 Head of State 317 Head of Government 318 Cabinet Control 319 What Does a Parliament Do? 320 Parliamentary Committees 323 Upper Houses 325 Advantages and Disadvantages of Parliamentary Government 326 Let's Make Sure I Haven't Made This Sound Too Simple 327 "Consensus" Parliamentarism 328 Parliaments in Authoritarian Systems 329 Example: Parliamentary Government in India 331 Example: Parliamentary Government in Germany 335

7 CONTENTS X 1 CHAPTER 15 National Decision-Making Institutions: Presidential Government 338 Political Parties and Presidential Government 339 Presidential Leadership 341 Presidential and Parliamentary Systems Compared 342 Responsibility for Policy 343 Presidential Systems and Comprehensive Policy 344 Recruitment of Executive Leaders 344 Review and Control of the Executive 346 Flexibility of the Political Process 347 The Split Executive of Parliamentary Systems 347 Why Aren't All Democracies Parliamentary Systems? 349 Democracy and the Question of Accountability 351 A Note on Institutions and Power 354 Example: Presidential Hybrid in France 356 Example: Presidential Government in Mexico 358 CHAPTER 16 Bureaucracy and the Public Sector 361 Public Administration as a Political Problem 362 Characteristics of Good Public Administration 364 "Bureaucracy": A Reform of the Nineteenth Century 365 Bureaucracy versus Flexibility 366 The Problem of Protected Incompetence 367 Adjustments to Bureaucracy 368 Social Representativeness of Public Administration 369 Example: The French Bureaucracy 371 Example: Bureaucratic Cultures in Europe and Africa 373 CHAPTER 17 Law and the Courts 376 Anglo-Saxon Case Law 376 Continental European Code Law 378 The Blending of Case Law and Code Law 380 Religious Law: The Sharia 381 Courts 383 Judicial Review 385 Example: The Law in China 388 Example: The European Court of Justice 391

8 X11 CONTENTS PART V <*&> INTERNATIONAL POLITICS 393 CHAPTER 18 Global Politics: Politics among States (and Others) 393 The Evolution of the International System since World War II 393 The World since the Cold War 395 International Politics 401 The Absence of Central Authority 402 Fiduciary Political Roles and International Morality 404 Impediments to International Communication 405 Power and International Politics 406 The Process of International Politics 408 Power and Choice in International Politics 415 Example: An International Failure: Rwanda 416 Example: The United Nations 418 A Personal Note 420 APPENDIX Principles of Political Analysis 422 Falsifiability 422 What Makes a Statement Interesting? 423 Causation and Explanation 424 Historical Explanation 426 A Few Common Pitfalls in Analysis 427 Glossary G-l Index 1-1