Case Studies in Comparative Politics

Transcription

1 SUB Hamburg A/ Case Studies in Comparative Politics DAVID J. SAMUELS, ED. University of Minnesota, Minneapolis with contributions by Ben Ansell and Jane Gingrich, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis David Art, Tufts University Erik Bleich, Middlebury College Ethan Scheiner, University of California, Davis Steven I. Wilkinson, Yale University Cecilia Martinez-Gallardo, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill Graeme Roberston, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill Alexandra Scacco, New York University Andrew Mertha, Cornell University Arzoo Osanloo, University of Washington PEARSON Boston Columbus Indianapolis New York San Francisco Upper Saddle River Amsterdam Cape Town Dubai London Madrid Milan Munich Paris Montreal Toronto Delhi Mexico City Sao Paulo Sydney Hong Kong Seoul Singapore Taipei Tokyo

2 DETAILED CONTENTS Preface xiii CHAPTER 1 Introduction 1 David Samuels CHAPTER QUESTION: Why study country cases in comparative politics? Introduction 2 Comparative Politics 3 Why These Ten Countries? 6 Chapter Framework 11 Historical Overview 12 Early versus Late-forming States 14 Globalization and the State 15 Institutions 17 Democratic Regimes 19 Non-Democratic Regimes 21 Regime Change 24 Identities 25 Economic and Cultural Forms of Identity 25 Political-Identity Cleavages 2b The Sources of Political Identity 27 Interests 28 Social Movement 29 Interest Groups 30 Political Parties 30 The Contemporary Context 32 Political Violence 32 Political Economy 33 - Conclusion 36 CHAPTER 2 United Kingdom 39 Ben Ansell and Jane Gingrich CHAPTER QUESTION: How did limited government emerge in a country without a written constitution? Introduction to the United Kingdom 40 Historical Overview of the United Kingdom 41 The Establishment of the State 41 The Gradual Emergence of Limited Government 44 Twentieth-Century Developments 46 The Contemporary United Kingdom 47 Institutions of the United Kingdom 49 Institutions Promoting Effective Government 51 Factors Supporting Limited Government 57 Identities in the United Kingdom 60 Class Identity 60 Regional, Religious, and Ethnic Identities 62 Gender and Quality-of-Life Issues 65 Interests in the United Kingdom 67 Business and Labor in the Party System 68 "Policy Communities" in Britain 70 Civil Society and Social Movements in the United Kingdom 71 Mass Media 72 Conclusion 73 CHAPTER 3 Germany 77 David Art CHAPTER QUESTION: How did Germany overcome its tumultuous history and become a healthy democracy? Introduction to Germany 78 Historical Overview of Germany 78 The Second Reich 79 The Weimar Republic 82 The Nazi Regime 83 The Postwar Era: Division and Reunification 85 Institutions of Germany "Chancellor Democracy" The Judiciary VIII

3 Detailed Contents IX Federalism 90 International Institutions 91 Identities in Germany 94 Pre-War Identities 94 Political Culture after WWII 95 Incorporating East Germany 97 Immigration and German Identity 98 Interests in Germany 102 The Postwar Settlement 103 Political Parties 104 Challenges to the German Model 109 Conclusion 111 CHAPTER 4 France 114 Erik Bleich CHAPTER QUESTION: Why do French citizens engage in such frequent and dramatic forms of protest? Introduction to France 115 Historical Overview of France 118 From the Middle Ages to the Ancien Regime 118 The French Revolution and Its Aftermath, 119 Regime Change in the Nineteenth Century 120 Consolidating Democracy in the Twentieth Century 120 Institutions of France 123 Semi-Presidential Democracy and the Executive Branch 124 The Legislative Branch 126 The Judicial Branch 127 Electoral Institutions 128 Identities in France 132 Class Divisions 134 Nationalism and Its Challengers 135 Religious Identities versus Lalcite 136 Post-Materialist Identities 137 Interests in France 138 Interest Groups 139 Political Parties 140 The Interests of the State 142 Examples of Protest 142 Conclusion 147 CHAPTERS Japan 150 Ethan Scheiner CHAPTER QUESTION: How did a single political party dominate Japan's democracy for more than half a century? Introduction to Japan 151 Historical Overview of Japan 154 The Tokugawa Era 154 The Meiji Era 155 Economic Growth and the Rise and Decline of Democracy before World War II 156 Rebuilding in the Postwar Era 158 The 1990s 160 The 2000s 161 Institutions of Japan 165 Unitarism 166 Parliamentarism 166 Electoral System 167 The Weak Judiciary 173 The Powerful Bureaucracy 173 Identities of Japan 175 Japanese Homogeneity 175 Class Identity 177 Status in Japan 177 Disadvantaged Position of Women 179 Interests in Japan 180 Postwar Interests 181 Environmental Interest Groups 181 Modern versus Traditional Interests 183 Koizumi's Reforms and the Fall of the LDP 187 Conclusion 189 CHAPTER 6 India 194 Steven I.Wilkinson CHAPTER QUESTION: Why has democracy persisted in India despite its colonial legacies of ethnic and religious strife, and widespread poverty and illiteracy? Introduction to India 195 Historical Overview of India The Mughal Empire

4 Detailed Contents The British Empire 200 The Difficult Legacy of Colonialism 203 Institutions of India 207 Federalism 208 Parliament 209 Civil-Military Relations 211 The Judiciary 211 Political Parties 212 Election Commission 214 Identities in India 216 Castes 217 Languages 219 Religion 219 The Changing Politics of Caste Identity 222 Interests in India 225 Ethnic and Minority Interests 225 Voters 226 Rural Interests 226 The Poor 227 Business Interests 227 Freedom of the Press and Mass Media 228 Conclusion 230 CHAPTER 7 Mexico 235 Cecilia Martinez-Gallardo CHAPTER QUESTION: Why is Mexico's democratic government unable to deal effectively with persistent poverty, corruption, and drug trafficking? Introduction to Mexico 236 Historical Overview of Mexico 237 Colonial Mexico 237 Independent Mexico 240 The 1910 Revolution 241 The Establishment of One-Party Rule, PRI Hegemony: The Decline of the PRI: Institutions of Mexico 250 Executive-Legislative Relations 251 The Judiciary 252 Federalism 254 Electoral Institutions 255 Identities in Mexico 258 Forming National Identity under the PRI 258 Ethnicity Makes a Comeback 260 Political Cleavages and Electoral Behavior 262 Interests in Mexico 264 Political Parties 264 Social Movements 266 Interest Groups 269 Conclusion 272 CHAPTER 8 Russia 277 Graeme Roberston CHAPTER QUESTION: Why has Russia failed to consolidate democracy, remaining in many ways an authoritarian regime? Introduction to Russia 278 Historical Overview of Russia 279 Geography and the Formation of the Russian State 27 The Russian Revolution and the Rise of the USSR 28 Reform and the Collapse of the USSR 284 Institutions in Russia 287 Constitutional Crisis The Constitution: President, Prime Minister, and Parliament 288 Federalism 290 Elections 293 The "Tandemocracy" of President and Prime M mister 296 Identities in Russia 299 Ethnic Politics 299 Chechnya and the Politics of the Caucasus 301 ' Russian Nationalism 302 What Happened to Class Identity? 303 Religious Identity 304 Interests in Russia 306 Economic Reform, Economic Collapse, and the Rise of the "Oligarchs" 307 Putin, the Fall of the Oligarchs, and Business Interests 309 Labor 310 Political Parties 311 Social Movements 313 Conclusion 316

5 Detailed Contents xi CHAPTER 9 Nigeria 320 Alexandra Scacco CHAPTER QUESTION: What factors account for Nigeria's poor economic and political performance since independence? Introduction to Nigeria 321 Historical Overview of Nigeria 323 The Pre-Colonial Period: A Diverse Territory 323 Colonial Nigeria: Unequal Regional Development 326 Nigeria since Independence: Political and Economic Crisis 328 Institutions of Nigeria 331 Nigeria's Political Institutions in Theory 332 Nigeria's Political Institutions in Practice 333 A "Critically Weak" State 334 Oil Dependence and State Weakness 339 Identities in Nigeria 342 Ethnic Diversity: Is Nigeria Too Diverse to Govern? 342 Ethnicity, Oil, and Violent Conflict 345 Interests of Nigeria 351 Political Parties 351 Where Is the Working Class? 354 Economic Interest Groups 356 Ethno-Regional Groups 357 The Military 357 Conclusion 359 CHAPTER 10 China 365 Andrew Mertha CHAPTER QUESTION: How has China's authoritarian regime managed to build and consolidate state strength in just 60 years? Introduction to China 366 Historical Overview of China 370 The Chinese Empire 370 The Chinese Republic 372 Consolidating the People's Republic of China 373 Mao's Attack on the State 375 The Emergence of the Contemporary PRC 377 Institutions of China 379 China's Elite Institutions 379 Local State Government 384 The Military 386 Identities in China 388 From Totalitarian to Authoritarian Identities 388 Nationalism as a Unifying Force 391 Ethnicity and Religion as Potentially Divisive Forces 393 Interests in China 396 State Organizations: The Case of the Military 397 Local Governments 398 The Media 398 Industrial and Professional Groups 399 Non-Governmental Organizations 399 Chinese Citizens 399 Conclusion 402 CHAPTER 11 Iran 407 Arzoo Osanloo CHAPTER QUESTION: How does a dynamic civil society survive under repressive non-democratic governments in Iran? Introduction to Iran 408 Historical Overview of Iran 409 Ancient Persia: From the Achaemenids to Sassanids 409 The Safavids and the Spread of Islam 412 Oil and the Rise of Nationalism in the Twentieth Century 413 The 1979 Iranian Revolution 416 Khatami and the Limits of Reform, Ahmadinejad and Conservative Reaction, 2005-Present 419 Institutions of Iran 422 Republican Institutions 422 Islamic Institutions 425 Identities of Iran 430 Pre-Islamic "Persian": Achaemenids to Sassanids 430 Ethnic Identities 430

6 xii Detailed Contents Religious Identities 431 Social Classes 433 Post-Revolutionary "Hybrid"Identities 433 Women in the Vanguard Political Interests 437 Organized Interests 439 Nuclear and Scientific Interests 440 Examples of Protest 441 Conclusion 445 Glossary 449 PrpdiK 46'i Subject Index 467 Name Index 485