POWER, POLITICS, AND SOCIETY: AN INTRODUCTION TO POLITICAL SOCIOLOGY

Transcription

1 SUB Hamburg A/ POWER, POLITICS, AND SOCIETY: AN INTRODUCTION TO POLITICAL SOCIOLOGY BettyA. Dobratz Iowa State University Lisa K. Waldner University of St. Thomas Timothy Buzzell Baker University Allyn & Bacon Boston Columbus Indianapolis New York San Francisco Upper Saddle River Amsterdam Cape Town Dubai London Madrid Milan Munich Paris Montreal Toronto Delhi Mexico City Sao Paulo Sydney Hong Kong Seoul Singapore Taipei Tokyo

2 CONTENTS Preface x Chapter 1 POWER 1 Power: The Key Concept in Political Sociology 2 Metaphors and Paradoxes: Sociological Tools in the Study of Power 3 Metaphors of Power Arrangements 5 The Conceptualization of Power in Political Sociology 10 Pluralist 11 Elite/Managerial 14 Social Class and Politics 17 Criticisms of the Class Perspective 22 The Traditional Frameworks Today 22 New Directions after the Traditional Frameworks 24 Conclusion 31 References 34 Chapter 2 ROLE OF THE STATE 36 What is the Modern Nation-State? 37 Defining the State 37 Emergence of States 38 Differentiating Government from the State 40 Features of Stateness 43 Differentiating Nation and State 43 Emergence of Nations 45 Different Forms of the Nation-State 47 Democracy 47 Democracy and Undemocratic Practices 48 Undemocratic State Forms 49 Theoretical Views on the State 51 Pluralism 52 Elite Views of the State 53 Class-Based Views of the State 55 Updated Marxist Theories of the State 57 State-Centric 59 Political Institutional or Institutionalist 60 Other Emerging Views of the State 62 Rational Choice 62 Postmodern 62 The Welfare State 63 Types of Welfare States 63 Role of Race and Gender 64 Future of the State 65

3 Contents Conclusion 66 Endnotes 66 References 67 Chapter 3 POLITICS, CULTURE, AND SOCIAL PROCESSES 71 Culture and Politics 72 Politics, Culture, and Theoretical Frameworks 74 Pluralist 74 Elite/Managerial 75 Class Perspective 77 Rational Choice 78 Institutionalist 79 Postmodern 81 Political Socialization 82 Political Values 86 The Shift from Materialist to Post-Materialist Values 87 Inkeles and the Modern Personality 89 Religion and Political Values 90 Ideology, Beliefs, and Public Opinion 92 The Faces of Ideology 92 Political Culture and Media 97 Media and Political Knowledge 99 Media and Political Values 101 Media and Political Symbols 103 Political Culture and Place 104 Political Subcultures 104 Nationalism 106 Conclusion 109 References 109 Chapter 4 THE POLITICS OF EVERYDAY LIFE: POLITICAL ECONOMY 114 Capitalism and Democracy 116 Theoretical Frameworks 117 Pluralist 117 Elite/Managerial 117 Class/Marxist 118 Postmodern 118 Rational Choice 118 Institutionalist 120 Class-Domination Theory of Power 120 Wall Street versus Main Street 121 Middle Class 124 Taxation 126 Individual Taxes 127 Corporate Taxation 129 International Comparison Regarding Taxation 129 Summary 130

4 The Welfare State 130 Corporate Welfare 130 Social Security Public Assistance 132 Debt and Bankruptcy 135 Household Debt and Bankruptcy 136 Who Goes Bankrupt and Why? 137 Infrastructure 139 Bridges 143 Levees 144 Conclusion 146 Endnotes 147 References 147 Contents Chapter 5 THE POLITICS OF EVERYDAY LIFE: SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS AND SOCIAL RELATIONS 152 Education 153 No Child Left Behind 154 Marriage and Family 156 Family Law 158 Same-Sex Marriage 160 Health Care 167 Theoretical Frameworks 167 U.S. Health Care Uniqueness 169 Civil Liberties 170 Twenty-First Century: War on Terror 173 Race and Ethnic Relations and the Racial State 174 The Frameworks 174 Explaining the Racial State 175 Color-Blind Policies 176 Racial Identity and Equality 176 Environmental and Natural Disasters 176 Immigration: A Major Ethnic and Racial Issue Facing the United States 177 Conclusion 182 Endnotes 183 References 183 Chapter 6 POLITICAL PARTICIPATION 189 Political Participation as Power 189 Theoretical Frameworks 192 Pluralist 192 Elite/Managerial 195 Class 197 Rational Choice 198 Postmodern 199 Political Participation and Its Many Forms 201 Early Typologies of Political Participation 201 Emerging Typologies of Political Participation 204

5 Contents Institutional Forms of Political Participation 205 Political Talk/Political Discourse 206 Political Participation and the Internet 207 Campaigning and Canvassing 208 Noninstitutional Forms of Political Participation 209 Graffiti 209 Protest and Demonstrations 211 Social, Political, and Revolutionary Movements 212 Political Engagement and Group Context 215 Politics and Social Capital 216 Themes in Research on Social Capital and Political Participation 218 The Changing Nature of Political Participation 219 Conclusion 222 References 222 Chapter 7 ELECTIONS AND VOTING 226 Theoretical Frameworks 227 Pluralist 227 Elite/Managerial 227 Class 228 Rational Choice 228 Postmodern 228 Institutionalist and Political Culture 229 The Functions of Elections 229 Electoral Systems and Turnout 230 Voting Behavior Research 235 Social Cleavages or Characteristics 236 Social Class 236 Gender Gap 240 Racial Cleavages 241 Religious Cleavages 243 Political Views and Issue-Based Voting 244 Liberalism and Conservatism 245 Party Identification 247 U.S. Presidential Elections 248 Elections during the Twenty-First Century 251 Conclusion 263 Endnotes 264 References 264 Chapter 8 SOCIAL MOVEMENTS 269 Theoretical Frameworks 271 Pluralism and the Classical Collective Behavior Model of Social Movements 272 Elite Theory and Resource Mobilization 272 Class Framework or the Political Process Model 272 Rational Choice 273 Postmodern 274

6 Contents vii Old and New Social Movements 274 Smart Growth Movements as New Social Movements 276 Criticisms of New Social Movements 276 Other Approaches to Movements 277 Collective Identity 278 Framing 279 Emotions 281 Toward a Synthesis of Structuralist, Rationalist, and Culturalist Frameworks 283 The Life Cycle of Social Movements 284 Social Movement Emergence and Mobilization 284 Social Movement Outcomes, Influence, and Decline 289 Repression: The State's Reaction to Movements 293 Globalization and Transnational Movements 295 Conclusion: Social Movements as Part of Political Sociology 297 Endnotes 298 References 298 Chapter 9 VIOLENCE AND TERRORISM 303 Political Uses of Hate 304 Genocide 304 Defining Genocide 304 Conditions for Genocide 305 Sociological Causes of Genocide 305 War Making 307 Theoretical Views on War Making 307 Future of War Making 309 New Wars 309 Terrorism 310 Defining Terrorism 312 Labeling Terrorism 314 Types of Terrorism 315 Terrorism and Sociological Theories 322 Collective Action Theory 323 Political Economy 323 World Systems Perspective 324 Framing 325 Categorical Terrorism 326 Causes of Terrorism 326 Microdynamic and Social Psychological Variables 327 Mesodynamic 327 Macrodynamic or Structural 329 Responding to Terrorism 333 Security and Response 333 Repression 334 Alleviating Structural Causes 335

7 iii Contents Eliminating Political Opportunities 335 Peacebuilding 336 The Future of Terrorism 336 Optimistic View 337 Pessimistic View 337 Future Directions 337 Research 337 Conclusion 338 Endnotes 339 References 339 Chapter 10 GLOBALIZATION 344 What is Globalization? 345 Defining Globalization 345 Critique of the Term 346 Components of Globalization 346 Theoretical Perspectives on Globalization 351 World Systems Theory (WST) 351 Theories of Global Capitalism (GC) 352 Postmodern Views on Globalization 353 Network Society 353 Cultural Theories of Globalization 354 McDonaldization Thesis 355 Globalization Debates 356 Is Globalization Occurring? 356 What is the Evidence for Globalization? 357 Impact of Globalization on the Nation-State 359 Withering State Debate 360 Strong State-Weak State Thesis 361 Competing Globalization Camps 362 Theoretical Views on State Power 362 Public Policy 366 Welfare State 367 Nationalism 368 Democracy and Globalization 369 Is Democracy Spreading? 369 Role of Globalization 370 Exporting Democracy 372 Antiglobalization Movements 372 Future of Globalization 375 Future Trends 375 Future Sociological Research on Globalization 376 Conclusion 377 Endnotes 377 References 378 Credits 383 Index 384