The Art of Comparative Politics

Transcription

1 The Art of Comparative Politics Ruth Lane AmericJ(n/University Allyn and Bacon Boston London Toronto Sydney Tokyo Singapore

2 Contents Preface vii 1 The Science and the Art of Comparative Politics 1 The World of Comparative Politics 1 Comparative Politics as Practice 4 "Compared to What?" 5 The Need for Basic Principles 6 The "Social" Nature of Reality 8 To What Extent Is Behavior Institutionally Defined? 9 Institutional Alternatives and Change 10 The Practice of Comparative Politics 10 How to Get Started 12 General Organization of the Book 12 The Mixed Behavioral Revolution 14 The Development Period 15 Back to the State 17 Bringing the Peasant In 18 Postscript 21 References 22 2 The Behavioral Revolution and Comparative Politics 25 The Reaction to the Past 27 The Actual Revolution 27 Survey Research on an International Scale 29 Going beyond the Civics Textbooks 30 The Response to the Civic Culture Study 32 The Economic Theory of Democracy 34 The Problem of Collective Choice 35 Mi

3 iv Contents The Disappearance of Rationality 36 Political Man and Political Sociology 37 Democracy and Stability 38 Democracy and Mass Society 39 Who Governs? 40 Executive Excitement 41 Behavioral Lessons 42 The Spokesman of the Revolution 43 Behavioralism an Systems Theory 44 Behavioralism and its "Creed" 45 Notes 46 References 48 Political Development, Its Rise, Decline, and Transformation 51 Political Science in a Turkish Village 52 Painless, Automatic Development 53 Theory of the "Developing" Nations 54 The Search for Functions 55 Political Development and Crisis Theory 56 Criticism of Structural-Functionalism 57 Development and Political Order 58 The Theories of Praetorianism 59 Political Paths to Political Development 60 Social Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy 61 The Dynamics of Development 62 Causal Paths to Political Outcomes 63 The Importance of Coalition Structure 64 The Dependency Argument 65 Latin American Dependency Theorists 66 The Internalization of Dependency 67 The Modern World System 68 Ocean Currents and Wars 69 The "Reefs" of Structure 70 The Challenge 71 Notes 72 References 73 Comparative Politics Reconsiders the State 77 The Return to the State 79 The Search for Usable Theory 80 The Effect of Foreign Capital in the Developing World 82 The Interplay of Political-Economic Forces 83

4 Contents Revolutions and the Study of the State 84 Beyond the Bourgeoisie 85 The Application of Structural Method 86 Structure and Decision 87 The Bureaucratic Authoritarian State 88 Departures from "Normal" 89 The Dynamics of Crisis 90 Continuities in the Study of the State 91 Political Cleavage Analysis 93 State and Citizen Autonomy 94 Post-Modernism and the State 94 Conclusion 96 Notes 96 References 97 State and Society and the New Institutionalism 99 Methods of Analytic Institutionalism 99 Bringing the Peasant Village In 100 Practical Value Systems 101 The Role of the State 103 Moral or Political Economy 103 The Peasant as Classic Economic Man 104 Solitary, Poor, Nasty, Brutish Conversion and Rebellion 107 From Peasants to States and Societies 108 Strategies of Survival 109 Why Societies Fail 111 African Elite Politics and the Military 112 Related Strategies 113 The New Institutionalism in Political Analysis 114 Institutions as Causes 115 "Historical" Institutionalism 116 Reason and Duty 117 The Rational Choice Variant in the New Institutionalism 118 Who Organizes What, How? 119 Institutional Design Principles 120 The Institutional Model 121 Notes 122 References 122 Theory and the Art of Comparative Politics 125 Iron-Clad Theory in Political Science 126

5 vi Chapter Number The Law of Oligarchy 127 The Causal Model 128 Empirical Observations 128 Evaluating Theory 129 Is There a Use for Large Fuzzy Theories? 130 Middle-Range Functional Theory 131 Theory as a Guide to Inquiry 131 The Political Economy Approach 132 The Iconoclastic Function 133 The Cultural Rationality Model 134 Methods of Theory Building 135 "Dumb" Theorizing 136 The Logic of Implications 137 Find Yourself an Eight-Year-Old 138 Epilogue 138 Notes 140 References 141 Index 143