A01_CHAR8352_09_SE_FM.QXD 6/12/10 9:32 PM Page i. Latin America An Interpretive History

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1 A01_CHAR8352_09_SE_FM.QXD 6/12/10 9:32 PM Page i Latin America An Interpretive History

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3 A01_CHAR8352_09_SE_FM.QXD 6/12/10 9:32 PM Page iii NINTH EDITION Latin America An Interpretive History Julie A. Charlip Whitman College E. Bradford Burns University of California, Los Angeles Prentice Hall Boston Columbus Indianapolis New York San Francisco Upper Saddle River Amsterdam Cape Town Dubai London Madrid Milan Munich Paris Montreal Toronto Delhi Mexico City Sao Paulo Sydney Hong Kong Seoul Singapore Taipei Tokyo

4 A01_CHAR8352_09_SE_FM.QXD 6/12/10 9:32 PM Page iv Executive Editor: Jeff Lasser Editorial Project Manager: Rob DeGeorge Editorial Assistant: Amanda Dykstra Senior Marketing Manager: Maureen E. Prado Roberts Marketing Assistant: Marissa O Brien Production Manager: Meghan DeMaio Creative Director: Jayne Conte Cover Designer: Manager, Visual Research: Beth Brenzel Manager, Rights and Permissions: Zina Arabia Image Permission Coordinator: Manager, Cover Visual Research & Permissions: Karen Sanatar Cover Photo: Mural in Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic, depicting a crowded market. Getty Images Inc. Image Bank. Full-Service Project Management/Composition: Seshan Ram/Integra Software Services, Ltd. Printer/Binder/Cover Printer: R.R. Donnelley & Sons Text Font: Palatino Credits and acknowledgments borrowed from other sources and reproduced, with permission, in this textbook appear on appropriate page within text. Copyright 2011, 2007, 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. Manufactured in the United States of America. This publication is protected by Copyright, and permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. To obtain permission(s) to use material from this work, please submit a written request to Pearson Education, Inc., Permissions Department, One Lake Street, Upper Saddle River, NJ Many of the designations by manufacturers and seller to distinguish their products are claimed as trademarks. Where those designations appear in this book, and the publisher was aware of a trademark claim, the designations have been printed in initial caps or all caps. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Charlip, Julie A. Latin America : an interpretive history / Julie A. Charlip, E. Bradford Burns. 9th ed. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN-13: (alk. paper) ISBN-10: (alk. paper) 1. Latin America History. 2. Latin America Social conditions. 3. Latin America Economic conditions. I. Burns, E. Bradford. II. Title. F1410.B dc ISBN 10: ISBN 13:

5 A01_CHAR8352_09_SE_FM.QXD 6/12/10 9:32 PM Page v For our students

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7 A01_CHAR8352_09_SE_FM.QXD 6/12/10 9:32 PM Page vii CONTENTS List of Maps xiii Preface xv Acknowledgments xvi 1 LAND AND PEOPLE 1 The Land 2 Latin America s Environmental Woes 3 The Indigenous 9 The European 18 The African 21 Mestizaje and the Creation of New People 26 Latin? America 29 Questions for Discussion 31 Recommended Readings 31 Tables: Ratio of Population to Agricultural Land in Latin America and Selected European Countries 10 Labels for Miscegenation in Eighteenth-Century New Spain 26 Labels for Miscegenation in Eighteenth-Century Peru 27 vii

8 A01_CHAR8352_09_SE_FM.QXD 6/12/10 9:32 PM Page viii viii Contents 2 FROM CONQUEST TO EMPIRE 33 European Exploration 33 Patterns of Conquest 35 Colonial Economy 38 Colonial Administration 45 The Catholic Church 49 The Virgin de Guadalupe 55 The Conquered Peoples 56 Colonial Society 59 Questions for Discussion 63 Recommended Readings 63 Tables: Founding of Major New World Cities 37 3 INDEPENDENCE 65 A New Sense of Self 65 The Bourbon Reforms 67 The Temptations of Trade 72 The Impact of Ideas 75 Early Warning Signs 77 International Examples 79 Impetus from the Outside 81 Elitist Revolts 83 Popular Revolution in Mexico 87 The Brazilian Exception 91 Aftermath 92 Questions for Discussion 93 Recommended Readings 93 4 NEW NATIONS 95 Monarchy or Republic? 95 Liberals or Conservatives? 98 Masses and Elites 100

9 A01_CHAR8352_09_SE_FM.QXD 6/12/10 9:32 PM Page ix Contents ix Threats to New Nations 103 Mexico s Early National Woes 107 Economic Instability 110 A Clash of Cultures 116 Control by Caudillos 119 Change and Continuity 127 Questions for Discussion 128 Recommended Readings 128 Tables: Abolition of Slavery THE EMERGENCE OF THE MODERN STATE 130 Political Stability 131 Positivism and Progress 134 Economic Prosperity 142 Progress on the Periphery 147 Modest Industrialization 149 The Growth of Cities 151 Superficial Modernization 154 The Popular Challenge 157 Questions for Discussion 163 Recommended Readings 163 Tables: Railways in Latin America, Export Commodity Concentration Ratios, Direct and Portfolio Investment in Latin America, NEW ACTORS ON AN OLD STAGE 165 The Presence of the United States 165 The New Middle Class 176 The Working Class 180 The Middle Class in Politics 183

10 A01_CHAR8352_09_SE_FM.QXD 6/12/10 9:32 PM Page x x Contents Questions for Discussion 187 Recommended Readings 188 Tables: U.S. Relations with Latin America 175 Women s Suffrage in Latin America THE MEXICAN EXPLOSION 190 Cracks in the Regime 191 Effective Suffrage and No Reelection 193 Patrias Chicas 194 The Maderista Revolt 195 Madero in Power 198 Viva Zapata! 201 Huerta and the Counterrevolution 203 A Radical Constitution 207 The Radicals Lose 209 From Destruction to Construction 210 The Apex of the Revolution 214 A Revolutionary Balance Sheet 216 Questions for Discussion 217 Recommended Readings 217 Table: Land Distribution in the Mexican Revolution FROM WORLD WARS TO COLD WAR 219 Economic Crises 220 Dictators and Populists 223 Latin America Turns Inward 229 Guatemala: A Flirtation with Democracy 233 Questions for Discussion 239 Recommended Readings 239 Tables: Establishment of Depression Dictatorships, 1930s 225

11 A01_CHAR8352_09_SE_FM.QXD 6/12/10 9:32 PM Page xi Contents xi 9 THE REVOLUTIONARY OPTION 241 Cuba 243 Cuba s Impact 252 Development or Dependency? 253 Chile 261 Nicaragua 263 Questions for Discussion 269 Recommended Readings 270 Tables: Latin American Military Coups, Latin American Guerrilla Groups DEBT AND DICTATORSHIP 271 Changing Economic Patterns 271 Military Models for Change 274 War in Central America 281 The Church Under Attack 288 The New Social Movements 290 Do Elections Make Democracies? 293 Questions for Discussion 296 Recommended Readings 296 Table: Antipolitical Military Regimes, FORWARD INTO THE PAST 298 Neoliberalism and Its Discontents 298 NAFTA and the Zapatistas 302 Latin America Swings Left 306 Honduras: A Coup Rocks the Americas 311 Colombia: The Longest War 312 The War on Drugs 315 Change and Continuity 316

12 A01_CHAR8352_09_SE_FM.QXD 6/12/10 9:32 PM Page xii xii Contents Questions for Discussion 322 Recommended Readings 322 Table: Unsatisfied with Privatization of Public Services 301 Latin America Elects Leftists 306 Perceptions of Socialism vs. Capitalism in Latin America 320 LATIN AMERICA THROUGH ART 000 A CHRONOLOGY OF SIGNIFICANT DATES IN LATIN AMERICAN HISTORY 324 A GLOSSARY OF SPANISH, PORTUGUESE, AND INDIGENOUS TERMS 330 A GLOSSARY OF CONCEPTS AND TERMS 334 INDEX 339

13 A01_CHAR8352_09_SE_FM.QXD 6/12/10 9:32 PM Page xiii Contents xiii LIST OF MAPS Physical Map of Latin America 7 Pre-Columbian America 15 Iberian Peninsula 19 African Kingdoms 23 Viceroyalties in the Colonial Americas, Latin America in Mexico, The Overthrow of Díaz 198 The Madero Regime 201 Huerta vs. the Constitutionalists 204 Carranza vs. the Conventionists 206 Carranza in Charge 208

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15 A01_CHAR8352_09_SE_FM.QXD 6/12/10 9:32 PM Page xv PREFACE History does not stop for textbooks, and historians continue to discover new material and offer new interpretations of the past. In the ninth edition of Latin America: An Interpretive History, I endeavor to bring the text up to date while maintaining the brevity that is one of the text s key strengths. Recent political and economic changes have not changed the central paradigm of the text: poor people inhabit rich lands because the elites have tended to confuse their own well being and desires with those of the nation at large. NEW TO THIS EDITION The ninth edition gives expanded attention to issues of ethnicity and race without diminishing the book s strength in focusing on economic issues that have beleaguered the region. This edition considers the significance of the so-called pink tide and covers the latest analyses of this shift to the left. New special sections include Latin? America, a discussion of the region as a category of analysis; Development or Dependency? ; The War on Drugs ; and Honduras: A Coup Rocks the Americas. The concluding chapter features two new tables: Latin America Elects Leftists and Perceptions of Socialism vs. Capitalism in Latin America. Questions for Discussion have been added in each chapter to help students consider the material. Questions have also been added to Latin America through Art. This new edition offers an expanded list of Recommended Readings at the end of each chapter, including classic works and new scholarship. xv

16 A01_CHAR8352_09_SE_FM.QXD 6/12/10 9:32 PM Page xvi xvi Preface We have significantly expanded the accompanying reader, Consider the Source: Documents in Latin American History (ISBN ), providing a rich documentary history of the region, enlivened with the voices of Latin Americans. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I owe a debt of thanks to the many colleagues and students who have taken the time to send me their feedback on the text. I am particularly grateful to the following readers who provided close reading and wonderful suggestions: Jennifer Leigh Disney, Winthrop University; Nichole Sanders, Lynchburg College; Richard W. Slatta, North Carolina State University; and Angela Vergara, California State University, Los Angeles. My students in History 188, Modern Latin America, have asked questions that made me rethink aspects of the textbook. The Fall 2009 class was particularly helpful in their efforts to look for ways to update the text while not adding to its length. As always, I am most indebted to my husband, Charly Bloomquist, and my daughter, Delaney; they are my joy. Julie A. Charlip Walla Walla, Washington