LATIN AMERICAN CIVILIZATION

Transcription

1 A FIFTH EDITION, REVISED AND UPDATED LATIN AMERICAN CIVILIZATION History and Society, 1492 to the Present Edited by BENJAMIN KEEN Professor Emeritus, Northern Illinois University WESTVIEW PRESS Boulder San Francisco Oxford

2 Contents Preface xi PART ONE: INDIAN AND HISPANIC ORIGINS Chapter I Ancient America Introduction 3 1 Aztec Warfare 4 2 The Halls of Montezuma 6 3 Aztec Industry and Commerce 8 4 The Condition of the Aztec Peasantry 10 5 Mayan Industry, Commerce, and Agriculture 12 6 The Mayan Social Order 14 7 Mayan Religious Life 16 8 How the Inca Formed a Nation 19 9 The Village Basis of Incan Society Two Views of the Incan Empire War and Cannibalism Among the Brazilian Indians 26 Chapter II The Hispanic Background Introduction 31 1 The Cid Campeador: Symbol of Spanish Nationality 32 2 The Catholic Sovereigns 33 3 The Spanish Inquisition 34 4 The Spanish Character 37

3 vi CONTENTS Chapter III PART TWO: SPAIN IN THE INDIES Conquest Introduction 43 1 The Man Columbus 44 2 "Saint Augustine Doubts..." 45 3 The Discovery of the Pacific 47 4 Portrait of the Conqueror 49 5 The Meeting of Cortes and Montezuma 51 6 Twilight over Tenochtitlan 53 7 Rendezvous at Cajamarca 55 8 How the New Laws Were Received in Peru 58 9 The Man Who Would Be King Advice to a Would-Be Conqueror Journey's End Lope de Aguirre: An Underdog of the Conquest 66 Chapter IV The Evolution of Spain's Indian Policy Introduction 70 1 The Strange Sermon of Father Montesinos 71 2 The Laughter of Doctor Palacios Rubios 73 3 Bartolome de las Casas: God's Angry Man 74 4 All Humankind Is One 77 5 Indian Forced Labor in Guatemala 6 Debt Peonage in Peru Chapter V The Economy of the Spanish Indies Introduction 84 1 The Indian Agricultural Heritage 85 2 Spain's Contributions to New World Agriculture 88 3 The Potosi Mine 91 4 The Colonial Factory 93 5 On the Sea-Road to the Indies 94 6 The Great Fair at Portobello 97 7 A Foreign View of the Spanish Commercial System 99 Chapter VI Government and Church in the Spanish Indies Introduction The Structure of Colonial Government "I Have Seen Corruption Boil and Bubble..." 108

4 CONTENTS vii 3 The Corregidor: Enemy of the People City Government in the Spanish Indies Dialogue in Yucatan The Sources of Catholic Power 116 Chapter VII Class and Caste in the Spanish Colonies Introduction The Structure of Class and Caste The Colonial City: Mexico City The Mestizo: Seed of Tomorrow The Indian Town 131 Chapter VIM The Bourbon Reforms and Spanish America Introduction The Bourbon Commercial Reforms The Revival of Mining Colonial Industry in Decline Political Reform: The Intendant System The More It Changes The Plan of Tupac Amaru A Charter of Liberty 152 Chapter IX Colonial Culture and the Enlightenment Introduction The Colonial University The Tenth Muse Colonial Journalism in Action A Colonial Freethinker 164 Chapter X Spain's Work in America: For and Against Introduction The Noble Savage and the Black Legend The Fatal Legacy In Defense of Spain A Revisionist Landmark: Bourne's Spain in America A Reply to Bourne 181

5 X CONTENTS Chapter XX Latin American Roads to Socialism Introduction "History Will Absolve Me" The Cuban Educational Achievement Women's Liberation in Cuba Does the Cuban Economy Work? The Death of Victor Jara Henry Kissinger on Salvador Allende The Church in the Nicaraguan Revolution President Reagan's "Freedom Fighters" The Nicaraguan Revolution Under Fire Deadlock in El Salvador: A Guerrilla Leader Speaks 448 Chapter XXI The Two Americas Introduction The United States as Model The Two Americas Operation Guatemala Repercussions of the Malvinas-Falklands War The Invasion of Panama: A Latin American Viewpoint The United States and Latin America's Foreign Debt 476 Notes 483 Glossary of Spanish, Portuguese, and Indian Terms 487 About the Boole and. Editor 491