Louis XVI and the French Revolution,
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3 Louis XVI and the French Revolution, The experience, and failure, of Louis XVI s short-lived constitutional monarchy of deeply influenced the politics and course of the French Revolution. The dramatic breakdown of the political settlement of 1789 steered the French state into the decidedly stormy waters of political terror and warfare on an almost global scale. This book explores how the symbolic and political practices which underpinned traditional Bourbon kingship ultimately succumbed to the radical challenge posed by the Revolution s new proto-republican culture. While most previous studies have focused on Louis XVI s real and imagined foreign counter-revolutionary plots, Ambrogio A. Caiani examines the king s hitherto neglected domestic activities in Paris. Drawing on previously unexplored archival source material, Caiani provides an alternative reading of Louis XVI in this period, arguing that the monarch s symbolic behaviour and the organisation of his daily activities and personal household were essential factors in the people s increasing alienation from the newly established constitutional monarchy. a m b r o g i o a. c a i a n i is College and Departmental Lecturer at Lady Margaret Hall and the Faculty of History, University of Oxford.
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5 Louis XVI and the French Revolution, Ambrogio A. Caiani
6 c a m b r i d g e u n i v e r s i t y p r e s s Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, São Paulo, Delhi, Mexico City Cambridge University Press The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 8RU, UK Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York Information on this title: Ambrogio A. Caiani 2012 This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press. First published 2012 Printed and bound in Great Britain by the MPG Books Group A catalogue record for this publication is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloguing in Publication data Caiani, Ambrogio A. Louis XVI and the French Revolution, / Dr. Ambrogio A. Caiani. pages cm Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN Louis XVI, King of France, France History Revolution, France Kings and rulers Biography. I. Title. DC137.C dc ISBN Hardback Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of URLs for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate.
7 For my parents
8 Mais on ne se bat pas dans l espoir du succès! Non! non! c est bien plus beau lorsque c est inutile! Edmond Rostand, Cyrano de Bergerac, Act V, Scene VI
9 Contents List of illustrations List of tables Acknowledgements Note on translations Abbreviations page viii ix x xii xiii Introduction: Louis XVI, a constitutional monarch? 1 Part I Inventing a Constitutional Monarchy 27 1 The Maison du Roi at the twilight of the ancien régime 29 2 The liste civile: the new monarchy, Sieyès and the Constitution 56 3 The court of the Tuileries, Part II Reform and survival of the ancien régime The Royal Guard during the French Revolution Court presentations and the French Revolution The age of chivalry is gone? Louis XVI s chapel during the French Revolution 192 Conclusion 221 Bibliography 225 Index 248 vii
10 Illustrations 1 Mirabeau et Dreux-Brézé, le 23 juin 1789 (1830), by Eugène Delacroix, Musée National Eugène Delacroix, rue de Furstenberg Paris, Collections des Musées de France page 33 2 Map of Paris in 1789 (with route taken by Herald in October 1789), in William Robert Sheppard, Historical Atlas (London, 1922) 45 3 Equestrian Portrait of Louis XVI as a Constitutional Monarch (1791), by Jean-François Carteaux, Musée National des Châteaux de Versailles et de Trianon, Collections des Musées de France 81 4 Note from the National Guard Commanding the Chevalier Capello to Stand Guard in his Parisian District (1789), Archives Nationales, Paris 89 5 Entry ticket for the Tuileries (c. 1792), Archives Nationales, Paris Royal Menu (1788), Archives Nationales, Paris Royal Menu (1792), Archives Nationales, Paris Armand de Vignerot Du Plessis, Maréchal-Duc de Richelieu, wearing the ceremonial costume of the Ordre du Saint-Esprit (c ), Wallace Collection, Manchester Square, London Plan of Tuileries (c ) Total number of days of Court mourning during Louis XVI s reign 218 viii
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