AMERICAN ECONOMIC HISTORY

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1 AMERICAN ECONOMIC HISTORY Eighth Edition Jonathan Hughes Late, Northwestern University Louis P. Cain Loyola University Chicago and Northwestern University Addison-Wesley Boston Columbus Indianapolis New York San Francisco Upper Saddle River Amsterdam Cape Town Dubai London Madrid Milan Munich Paris Montreal Toronto Delhi Mexico City Sao Paulo Sydney Hong Kong Seoul Singapore Taipei Tokyo

2 TABLE OF CONTENTS Preface xiii Acknowledgments xvii Introduction xix i Chapter I Chapter 2 Overseas Empire 4 European Expansion and Discovery 4 England Overseas 7 Colonial Development 26 Towns and Seaports 26 Regional Specialization 29 The Common-Law Heritage 39 Chapter 3 America on the Eve of Revolution Population Sources and Growth 45 Wealth and Income Was There a Money Shortage in Colonial America? 52 Chapter 4 Gaining Independence 64 Expansion and the Western Lands 64 British Trade Policy 66 The End of Colonial Dependence 69 The War for Independence 71 How Did Britain Affect American Economic Growth? How Much Did It Cost to Belong to Britain? 77 Photo Essay: Fur Trappers and Traders 68 74

3 VI Table of Contents chapter 5 Westward Expansion 87 The Constitutional Settlement of The Land Ordinances of 1785 and Territorial Gains Disposal of the Public Lands 97 chapter 6 Population and Labor Force 106 Size and Natural Increase 106 Immigration Before The End of White Servitude and the Continuation of Black Slavery 113 Labor in American Society Before Population Expansion and Overall Economic Growth 121 Income and Wealth Distribution by Chapter 7 Law and the Rise of Classical American Capitalism 132 The Colonial Property Rights Heritage 132 Real Property Rights 133 Basic Legal Developments 134 Law, Income, and Wealth Transfers 137 Eminent Domain 139 Incorporation 140 The Supreme Court and Economic Growth Before Chapter 8 Transportation, Internal Improvements, and Urbanization 147 The Internal Improvement Era 148 Roads, Canals, Steamboats, and Railroads 149 Urbanization 159 Photo Essay: Early Roadways and Waterways 156 Photo Essay: Boomtown 162

4 vii Chapter 9 Agricultural Expansion: The Conflict of Two Systems on the Land 170 Settlement and Population 171 Cotton as a Foreign-Exchange Earner 176 Agricultural Labor: Dependence on Slavery 177 Western Expansion of Northern Agriculture 180 The Compromise Fails 184 Photo Essay: Two Agricultural Cultures 185 Chapter io The Debate over Slavery 189 Why the Controversy? 189 The Slave Family 190 Was Slavery Doomed Without Civil War? 193 Why Did Slavery Persist? 198 Problems of the Slave "Business Firm" 200 Retrospect 203 Chapter 11 The Early Industrial Sector 208 The Direction of Change in Manufacturing Energy Sources 217 Industrial Location 219 Contrasts Between the North and South 224 Manufacturing and the Tariff Question 225 Photo Essay: Towns and Cities 220 Chapter 12 The Financial System and the International Economy 233 Currency and Banking Developments 233 Other Intermediaries 242 The Financial Link: U.S. and World Economics 243 The Financial System and the Business Cycle 247 The Balance of Payments and the Cycle 251 Retrospect 254 Photo Essay: The California Gold Rush 245 Photo Essay: The China Trade 250

5 Chapter 13 Economic Effects of the CsviS War 263 Measures of the War's Costs 263 Financing the Civil War 264 Did the War Aid Industrialization? 268 Comparative Recovery: The North and the South After the War 270 Conclusion 278 Photo Essay: The Real Financial Costs of War 265 chapter 14 Railroads and Economic Development 285 Completion of the Rail Network 286 Railroads and Economic Growth 289 Railroads and the Attack on Big Business 292 Photo Essay: Railroad Expansion 296 Chapter is Post-Civil War Agriculture 302 The Homestead and the End of the Frontier Era 302 Expanding Agriculture and the Price Dilemma 308 The Farmers' Complaint 310 Closing the Frontier: A Glimpse of the Far Future 311 Photo Essay: Farm Technology /Moves West 314 Chapter 16 Population Growth and the Atlantic Migration 321 Trends 321 Immigration and Growth 323 Where Did Immigrants Settle? 329 Photo Essay: Immigration and the Urban Market 330 Chapter 17 Industrialization, Entrepreneurship, and Urban Growth 338 Preliminary Observations 338 The Rise of Heavy Industry 339

6 Expansion of the Market 349 Urban Growth 351 j Industrial Growth Under Capitalism 355 Photo Essay: Factories and Mass Production 348 Photo Essay: Scale Economies in the Retailing Revolution 350 Photo Essay: Early Urban Mass Transit 352 Photo Essay: Invention and Innovation 358 chapter 18 Big Business and Government intervention 367 ~ ~' Legal Changes: Corporations and the Law 368 The Pivotal Point: Munn v. Illinois 372 The Antitrust Acts 375 Remarks on Government Intervention 378 Photo Essay: The Gilded Age 370 Chapter 19 Financial Developments 1863= Creating Financial Intermediation 385 Investment Banking and the Capital Market 392 The Currency Question " What Did the Populists Want? 399 chapter 20 The Giant Economy and Its International Relations 406 Trends in Trade and Payments 406 The Tariff Question Again 410 The Gold Standard in International Capital Flows 415 Photo Essay: The Tariff 416 Chapter 21 Labor and the Law 423 Labor's Social Position 424 The Emergence of National Unions 430 Antitrust Law and the Unions 433 Prelude to the 1930s 434 Photo Essay: Women and Children in the Labor Force 428 Photo Essay: Labor Unrest 432

7 Chapter 22 The Command Economy Emerges: World War I 441 The Income Tax Amendment of World War I: The Numbers 443 The Command Economy 448 The Legacy of Wartime Control 451 Photo Essay: Modern War 444 chapter 23 "Normalcy": The Expansion of the 1920s 455 The Financial Sector 464 The Great Crash 466 Explanations 471 Photo Essay: The New Leisure 457 Photo Essay: Location by Automobile 467 chapter 24 The Great Depression 477 Perspective : The Statistical Bare Bones 479 Explanations of the Great Depression 486 Where Things Stand 496 Photo Essay: The Great Depression 482 Photo Essay: Urban Growth 490 Chapter 25 The New Deal 503 Emergency Measures 503 The First New Deal 505 The Second New Deal 510 What Were They Doing? 514 The New Deal: A Social Revolution? 515 The Legacy of the Depression 519 Photo Essay: The New Deal Out of Doors 512

8 xi Chapter 26 The "Prosperity" of Wartime 525 The Scope of War Mobilization 526 Financing the War 527 The War, Labor, and Family Income 532 Consumption and Investment 534 Demobilization and the Keynesian Lesson 536 Photo Essay: Modern War Again 530 Chapter 27 Before the New Frontier: The Postwar Economy 544 The Employment Act and Economic Stability, at Last 544 Postwar International Reorganization 551 General Considerations 554 Photo Essay: Prosperity Again 553 chapter 28 Population, Health, and Labor 557 Population and Health 557 Labor Force 564 Income Distribution 578 The Paradox of Tertiary Employment 581 Photo Essay: Facing the Environmental Crisis 566 Photo Essay: The Information Industry 571 Chapter 29 Postwar Industry and Agriculture 589 The Productivity Issue 592 The Old Economy: Decline of American Preeminence in Steel and Automobiles 595 The New Economy: American Preeminence in Electronics 604 Domestic Changes in Industrial Location 610 Modern Agriculture 612 Photo Essay: Competition Forces Progress 594 Photo Essay: Electronic Calculators 606

9 xii Table of Contents Chapter 30 To the New Millennium and Beyond 620 The Fiscal Legacy of Camelot 621 The New Wave of Controls 622 The Long Peacetime Inflation 626 Stagflation and "Supply-Side" Economics 634 The Roaring 90s and On 644 Photo Essay: Alternative Energy 636 Photo Essay: International Markets 645 chapter 31 Does Our Past Have a Future? 653 Assets 653 Liabilities 656 Net Worth 660 Glossary 663 Image Credits 669 Name Index 671 Subject Index 679

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