The Challenge of Third World Development

Transcription

1 The Challenge of Third World Development Seventh Edition HOWARD HANDELMAN Emeritus Professor, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee PEARSON Boston Columbus Indianapolis New York San Francisco Upper Saddle River Amsterdam Cape Town Dubai London Madrid Milan Munich Paris Montreal Toronto Delhi Mexico City Sao Paulo Sydney Hong Kong Seoul Singapore Taipei Tokyo

2 BRIEF CONTENTS Detailed Contents Preface xv ix CHAPTER 1 CHAPTER 2 CHAPTER 3 CHAPTER 4 CHAPTERS CHAPTER 6 CHAPTER 7 CHAPTER 8 CHAPTER 9 Understanding Underdevelopment 1 The Explosion of Third World Democracy 32 Religion and Politics 68 The Politics of Cultural Pluralism and Ethnic Conflict 106 Women and Development 142 The Politics of the Rural and Urban Poor 176 Revolutionary Change 217 Soldiers and Politics 245 The Political Economy of Third World Development 280 Glossary 319 Index 328 VII

3 DETAILED CONTENTS Preface xv CHAPTER 1 Understanding Underdevelopment 1 Third World Commonalities: The Nature of Underdevelopment Economic Underdevelopment 4 Social Underdevelopment 9 Political Underdevelopment 13 Some Relationships between the Components of Development 15 The Causes of Underdevelopment 17 Modernization Theory and the Importance of Cultural Values 18 Dependency Theory: The Core and the Periphery 21 Modernization and Dependency Theories Compared 24 Contemporary Perspectives 25 How Much (or How Little) Progress Has Been Made? 28 CHAPTER 2 The Explosion of Third World Democracy 32 Democracy Defined 39 Democratic Transition and Consolidation 40 Authoritarian Beginnings 42 Justifying Authoritarian Rule 42 The Third Wave and Its Effect on the Third World 44 International Causes and Consequences of the Third Wave 47 The Prerequisites of Democracy in Individual Countries 48 Social and Economic Modernization 49 Class Structure 50 Political Culture 52 The Curse of Oil Wealth 5b How Do Democracies Perform? Public Policy Compared 58 Democratic Consolidation 60 Improving the Quality of Democracy 61 Conclusion 63 IX

4 Detailed Contents CHAPTER 3 Religion and Politics 68 The Meeting of Church and State 70 Great Religions of the Third World 71 Religion, Modernity, and Secularization 73 Structural and Theological Bases of Church-State Relations 75 Islam 75 Catholicism 76 Hinduism and Buddhism 77 Religious Fundamentalism and Islamism 78 Defining and Explaining Fundamentalism 79 Fundamentalists: Radical and Conservative 80 The Iranian Revolution: Radical Islamism as a Reaction to Western-Style Modernization 82 Al Qaeda and Militant Islamism 84 Islamist Terrorists in Western Europe: A New Frontier 89 Turkey and Moderate Islamism 91 The Strengthening of Moderate Islam 95 The Progressive Catholic Church 95 v The Future of Religion and Politics in the Developing World 98 Conclusion: Religion and Democracy 100 CHAPTER 4 The Politics of Cultural Pluralism and Ethnic Conflict 106 Defining Ethnicity 110 Ethnic and State Boundaries 112 Types of Ethnic and Cultural Divisions 113 Nationality 113 Tribe lib Race 117 Religion 119 Dependency, Modernization, and Ethnic Conflict 125 Levels of Interethnic Conflict 126 Minimal Conflict 12b Uneasy Balance 127 Enforced Hierarchy (Ethnic Dominance) 128 Systematic Violence 130 Outcomes and Resolutions 130 Power Sharing: Federalism and Consociationalism 131 Secession 132 Outside Intervention 134

5 Detailed Contents xi Settlement through Exhaustion 137 Toward a Peaceful Resolution of Conflict 137 Conclusion: Ethnic Pluralism and Democracy 138 CHAPTER 5 Women and Development 142 The Political and Socioeconomic Status of Third World Women 145 Modernization and Women's Economic Status 149 Women in the Economy: Rural and Urban 149 '" - Women and Politics 152 Women's Political Activism at the Grassroots 153 Women as National Political Leaders Reserved Seats and Quotas: Female Representation in Parliament 159 Women and Revolutionary Change Women as Peacekeepers Ib8 Ib5 15b The Status of Women: The Roles of Modernization, Globalization, and Regime Type 169 Conclusion: Democracy and the Role of Women in Society 171 CHAPTER 6 The Politics of the Rural and Urban Poor 176 The Rural Poor: Third World Peasantry 177 Rural Class Structures 178 Peasant Politics 180 The Politics of Agrarian Reform. 183 Patterns of Land Concentration 183 The Case for Agrarian Reform 184 The Decline of Agrarian Reform 18b Crop Pricing: Another Approach to Rural Poverty 188 The Future of the Rural Poor 190 Rapid Urbanization and the Politics of the Urban Poor 191 The Third World's Urban Explosion 191 The Political Consequences of Urban Growth 195 The Search for Employment 195 The Urban Poor's Struggle for Housing 197 Public Housing and the Role of the State 199 Spontaneous Housing 200 Sites-and-Services Programs 201

6 XII Detailed Contents The Problem of Urban Crime 202 The Politics of the Urban Poor: Conflicting Images 204 Forms of Political Expression among the Urban Poor 207 Individual Political Behavior 207 Collective Goals: Housing and Urban Services 208 Radical Political Behavior 211 Conclusion:The Role of the Rural and Urban Poor in Democratic Change 212 CHAPTER 7 Revolutionary Change 217 Defining Revolution 220 Underlying Causes of Revolution 222 Inexorable Historical Forces 222 Regime Decay 223 Challenges from Below 225 Causes of Revolution: A Summary 229 Levels of Popular Support 230 Peasants as Revolutionaries 233 Why Peasants Rebel 233 Which Peasants Rebel 234 Revolutionary Leadership 235 Revolutionaries in Power 237 Conclusion: Revolutionary Change and Democracy 241 CHAPTER 8 Soldiers and Politics The Causes of Military Intervention 249 The Nature of the Armed Forces 249 The Nature of Civil Society 250 Progressive Soldiers and Military Conservatives 253 The Types and Goals of Military Regimes 256 Personalistic Regimes 256 Institutional Military Regimes 257 The Accomplishments and Failures of Military Regimes 262 Combating Corruption 2b2 Defending Military Interests 263 Patterns in Military Spending 264 Establishing Stability 267 Improving the Economy 269

7 Detailed Contents xiii Military Withdrawal from Politics 271 New Roles for the Armed Forces 273 The Military as the Deciding Factor in the Arab Spring 274 Improving Civil-Military Relationships 275 Conclusion: Democracy and the Military 276 CHAPTER 9 The Political Economy of Third World Development 280 The Role of the State 282 The Command Economy 283 ' ~" Latin American Statism 286 East Asia's Developmental State 290 The Neoclassical Ideal 292 Finding a Proper Role for the State 295 Industrialization Strategies 295 Import-Substituting Industrialization 296 Export-Oriented Industrialization 298 Growth with Equity 299 Economic Development and the Environment 301 The Costs of Growth 302 Environmental Decay as a Third World Problem 303 Third World Environmental Decay and Global Warming: A Global Problem 304 The Search for Sustainable Development 305 Some Signs of Progress 307 Finding the Right Mix 309 The Effects of Globalization on Developing Nations 310 Conclusion: Democracy and Economic Development 315 Glossary 319 Index 328