Global Issues. Politics/ Economics/ and Culture RICHARD J. PAYNE. Fourth Edition PEARSON. Illinois State University. SUB Hamburg A/582294

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1 SUB Hamburg A/ Global Issues Politics/ Economics/ and Culture Fourth Edition RICHARD J. PAYNE Illinois State University PEARSON Boston Columbus Indianapolis New York San Francisco Upper Saddle River Amsterdam Cape Town Dubai London Madrid Milan Munich Paris Montreal Toronto Delhi Mexico City Sao Paulo Sydney Hong Kong Seoul Singapore Taipei Tokyo

2 BRIEF CONTENTS Contents v Preface xi Maps xviii CHAPTER 1 CHAPTER 2 CHAPTER 3 CHAPTER 4 CHAPTER 5 CHAPTER 6 CHAPTER 7 CHAPTER 8 CHAPTER 9 CHAPTER 10 CHAPTER 11 CHAPTER 12 CHAPTER 13 CHAPTER 14 Photo Credits Index 319 Global Issues: Challenges of Globalization 1 The Struggle for Primacy in a Global Society 24 Human Rights 43 Promoting Democracy 67 Global Terrorism 90 Weapons Proliferation 116 The Global Financial Crisis 138 Global Trade 156 Global Inequality and Poverty 180 Environmental Issues 206 Population and Migration 231 Global Crime 255 The Globalization of Disease 275 Cultural Clashes and Conflict Resolution IV

3 CONTENTS Preface Maps xi xviii CHAPTER 1 Globalization Introduction 2 From International Relations to Global Issues 2 Global Issues: Challenges of 1 Pluralism and Interdependence 3 The Growth of the Modern State 4 Sovereignty 6 The Decline of Sovereignty 7 The European Union: Redefining Sovereignty 7 The Rise of Nonstate Actors 8 The Catholic Church 8 Transnational Corporations 9 Interdependence and Globalization 9 Causes of Globalization 10 Forms of Globalization 12 Economic Globalization 12 Financial Globalization 12 Political Globalization 14 Military Globalization 15 Cultural Globalization 15 Environmental Globalization 16 Criminal Globalization 16 Periods of Globalization 16 Resistance to Globalization 17 Debating Globalization 18 Ik CASE STUDY Challenges Facing the Catholic Church 19 Summary and Review 20 CHAPTER 2 The Struggle for Primacy in a Global Society 24 Introduction 25 Power and Leadership 25 The Rise and Fall of Great Powers 26 Strategies for Maintaining Power 27 America 28 Challenging American Hegemony 32 China 32 Threats to U.S. Power: Emerging Powers and Nonstate Actors 35 Domestic Threats to American Hegemony 36 Will the United States Remain the Dominant Power? 37 k CASE STUDY Challenges Facing China 38 Summary and Review 40 CHAPTER 3 Human Rights 43 Introduction 44 Globalization and Human Rights 44 Nongovernmental Organizations and Human R ights 45 Global Companies and Human Rights 45 Development of Human Rights 46 Social Contract Theories and Human Rights 46 Utilitarianism, Libertarianism, and Marxism 47 Legal Positivism and Human Rights 48 Globalization of Human Rights: The Universal Declaration of Human Rights 48 Philosophical Controversies Over Human Rights 50 Universalism Versus Cultural Relativism 50 Individuals and Communities 50 Relationship Between Rights and Obligations 50 Prioritizing Human Rights 51 Absolutism Versus Consequentialism 51

4 VI Contents Human Rights Regimes 51 Enforcing Human Rights Globally 52 Sanctions 53 Humanitarian Intervention: Responsibility to Protect 54 Responding to Genocide 55 The International Criminal Court 56 Women and Human Rights 57 Sexual Violence: Rape as a Weapon of War 58 Islam and Human Rights 59 Fighting Terrorism and Protecting Human Rights 61 The Death Penalty and Human Rights 62 k. CASE STUDY Homosexuals and Human Rights 63 Summary and Review 64 CHAPTER 4 Promoting Democracy 67 Introduction 68 Democracy 68 Political Participation and Democracy 69 Women's Political Participation and Democracy 70 Factors Conducive to Democracy 72 Promoting Democracy 73 Global Civil Society and the Promotion of Democracy 73 The Promotion of Democracy by the United States 75 Imposing Democracy by Force in Iraq 76 Transitions to Democracy 77 Latin America 80 Russia 80 Islam and Democracy in the Middle East 82 Global Governance and Democracy 83 International Regimes 83 Making Global Institutions More Democratic 84 k CASE STUDY Democratic Transitions in the Middle East and North Africa 84 Summary and Review 86 CHAPTERS Global Terrorism 90 Introduction 91 Defining Terrorism 91 Factors Conducive to Terrorism 92 Goals, Strategies, and Weapons of Terrorism 94 Financing Terrorism 95 The Costs of Terrorism 96 Costs to Individuals 97 Economic Costs 97 Costs to Governments 97 Foreign Policy Costs 97 Costs to Democracy 97 Kinds of Terrorism 98 Domestic Terrorism 99 Nationalist Terrorism 100 Religious Terrorism 105 t\ BOX Notes of Religious Terrorists Who Attacked America 106 State Terrorism 107 Global Terrorism 107 Responding to Terrorism 108 Fighting Terrorism and Protecting Democracy 110 k CASE STUDY Terrorism in Pakistan 111 Summary and Review 112 CHAPTER 6 Weapons Proliferation 116 Introduction 117 The Proliferation of Weapons 118 Reasons for the Proliferation of Weapons 118 The Proliferation of Small Arms 119 The Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons 121 China and Japan 122 India and Pakistan 123 The Middle East 124 North Korea 125 America's Nuclear Response to Nuclear Proliferation 126

5 Contents VII Chemical and Biological Weapons 127 Nonproliferation Regimes 129 Nuclear Nonproliferation 130 Curbing Chemical and Biological Weapons 131 k CASE STUDY Countries That Abandoned Nuclear Weapons Programs 133 Summary and Review 134 CHAPTER 7 Crisis 138 Introduction 139 The Global Financial Causes of the Global Financial Crisis 140 Deregulation of Financial Markets 141 Financial Innovations 142 Executive Compensation 143 Low Interest Rates 144 Subprime Loans 144 Speculation 145 The Impact of the Global Financial Crisis 146 Foreclosures 147 Decline in Manufacturing and Trade 148 Global Power Shift 148 Global Responses to the Financial Crisis 149 America's Response 149 European Responses 150 China's Response 151 Financial Regulations 151 k CASE STUDY Ireland: The Decline of the Celtic Tiger 152 Summary and Review 153 CHAPTER 8 Global Trade 156 Introduction 157 The Globalization of Free Trade 158 Exchange Rates, Budget Deficits, and Trade 162 Barriers to Free Trade 163 Do Trade Deficits Matter? 163 Global Companies and Global Factories 164 Global Trade and Low Wages 165 Global Companies Promote Equality 165 Labor Unions and Global Trade 166 Global Trade Disputes 166 Tariffs 167 Quotas 167 Subsidies 168 Genetically Modified Food 169 Global Trade and the Environment 170 Diseases and Global Trade 171 Regional Trade Blocs 172 The European Union 172 The North American Free Trade Agreement 174 The Association of Southeast Asian Nations 174 The South American Common Market 175 k. CASE STUDY The Growing Power of Emerging Markets: Brazil 176 Summary and Review 177 CHAPTER 9 Poverty 180 Introduction 181 Global Inequality and Does Inequality Matter? 181 The Globalization and Inequality Debate 183 Globalists Make Their Case 183 Antiglobalists Make Their Case 184 Global Inequality 185 Inequality Between Developed and Developing Countries 187 Causes of Inequality Between Rich and Poor Countries 189 Inequality Within Rich Countries 191 The United States 191 Other Industrialized Countries 192 Inequality Within Poor Countries 194 Gender Inequality 195 Global Poverty 196 Closing the Gap 199 k. CASE STUDY Food Insecurity and Rising Food Prices 201 Summary and Review 203

6 VIII Contents CHAPTER 10 Environmental Issues 206 Introduction 207 The Globalization of Environmental Problems 207 Nongovernmental Organizations and the Environment 210 Women and the Environment 210 Indigenous Peoples and the Environment 210 Strategies Used by Nongovernmental Organizations 211 Biodiversity 212 Endangered Species and Wildlife Protection 213 Deforestation 215 Causes of Deforestation 215 Efforts to Prevent Deforestation 216 Ocean Resources-Fishing 217 Ocean Pollution 218 Global Warming and Climate Change 219 Water Scarcity 223 Military Activities and the Environment 224 k. CASE STUDY The Earthquake and Tsunami in Japan 226 Summary and Review 228 CHAPTER 11 Population and Migration 231 Introduction 232 Population 232 Population Issues in Developing Countries 233 Population Issues in Developed Countries 235 Global Migration 237 Gender and Migration 237 Types of Migration 238 Causes of Migration 239 Push Factors 239 Refugees 241 Pull Factors 243 Case Studies 245 The United States 245 Western Europe 246 Social, Economic, and Political Implications of Migration 249 The Impact of Migration on Sending Countries 249 The Impact of Migration on Receiving Countries 250 k. CASE STUDY Global Aging and Pensions 251 Summary and Review 252 CHAPTER 12 Global Crime 255 Introduction 256 The Globalization of Crime 256 The Global Drug Problem 257 Efforts to Control the Drug Problem 258 Global Smuggling of Migrants 261 Contemporary Slavery and Human Trafficking 262 Criminal Gangs and Kidnapping 264 Illegal Trade in Endangered Animals and Plants 266 Cybercrimes and Piracy 267 Global Responses to Crime 270 k CASE STUDY Government Corruption in India 271 Summary and Review 272 CHAPTER 13 Disease 275 Introduction 276 The Globalization of Globalization of Infectious Diseases 276 Global Travel and Communications 277 Human Security and Infectious Diseases 278 Infectious Diseases 279 Influenza and Avian Flu 281 Malaria, Dengue, and Yellow Fever 282 Malaria 282 Tuberculosis 284 HIV/AIDS 285 Africa 286 Global Responses to AIDS 287 SARS 289 Global Responses to Infectious Diseases 290 k CASE STUDY Obesity: A Global Epidemic 292 Summary and Review 293

7 Contents ix CHAPTER 14 Cultural Clashes and Conflict Resolution 296 Introduction 297 Cultural Influences on Conflicts 297 Clashing Civilizations 298 The West and the Muslim World 299 The United States and Islam 300 Clashes Among Nations 302 Ethnic Conflicts 303 Ethnicity and Ethnic Identity 304 The Causes of Ethnic Conflict 305 Ethnic Clashes 307 Resolving Cultural Conflicts 310 Negotiation 311 Peacekeeping and Humanitarian Intervention312 Peacemaking 312 Peacebuilding 312 k CASE STUDY War in Afghanistan 313 Summary and Review 315 Photo Credits 318 Index 319

State University of New York College of Technology at Canton Canton, New York COURSE OUTLINE CONTEMPORARY GLOBAL ISSUES SSCI 271

State University of New York College of Technology at Canton Canton, New York COURSE OUTLINE CONTEMPORARY GLOBAL ISSUES SSCI 271 Prepared by: Revised by: Updated by: A. F. Dowlah, Ph.D. Raymond G. Krisciunas