Transformation. Society
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1 Transformation of the Economy & Society in Antebellum America A09W
2 Guiding Question Analyze the causes of the transformation of the American economy in the first half of the nineteenth century. Include: developments in transportation, population, manufacturing and agriculture.
3 Economic Revolution? Market Revolution? Transportation Revolution?
4 THE TRANSPORTATION REVOLUTION & CREATION OF A NATIONAL MARKET ECONOMY agrarian economy subsistence? Key catalysts: (1) transportation improvements canals, RRs (2) development of textile mills and factories (3) innovations in banking and legal practices (4) Capital from Europe (esp. Britain) (5) Population growth 9M in M in 1860 (6) innovations in technology Market Revolution? Not Yet the Industrial Revolution
5 Transformation of the Antebellum Economy From: G. Nash, The American People, 6 th ed.
6 TRANSPORTATION REVOLUTION & THE CREATION OF A NATIONAL MARKET ECONOMY
7 Eras of Transportation Turnpike & River Era 1790s-1820s Canal Era s Railroad Era Automobile Era Airplane Era 1850s-1940s 1920s-present 1960s-present
8 TRANSPORTATION REVOLUTION turnpikes National Road
9 TRANSPORTATION REVOLUTION Steamboats Robert Fulton Clermont (1807) Impact on transportation and trade Robert Fulton s Clermont plies the Hudson River
10 TRANSPORTATION REVOLUTION Erie Canal (1825) Significance Cost of trade Direction of trade Settlement of NW New York City Upstate NY Canal boom
11 TRANSPORTATION REVOLUTION Principal Canals in 1840 Roads and Canals, Canal boom Effect on transportation and trade patterns
12 Paths of Northern Migration after 1800
13 TRANSPORTATION REVOLUTION Railroads Baltimore & Ohio RR (1830) short lines trunk lines
14 TRANSPORTATION REVOLUTION
15 Mohawk And Hudson Railroad s Dewitt Clinton
16 National Market Economy: Inland Freight Rates,
17 TRANSPORTATION REVOLUTION Impact of Railroads a) Promoted national trade and economic growth b) Linked Northeast and old Northwest for trade Consolidation of early short lines leads to E-W orientation Chicago c) Promoted the growth of other industries Iron Coal Telegraph d) Encouraged farmers to specialize e) First great corporations in US model for later large businesses
18 Communication s Revolution The Speed of News in 1817 and 1841 Telegraph??
19 BEGINNINGS OF INDUSTRIALIZATION Factory System Rise of Corporations Technological Innovations Labor Old Northwest
20 BEGINNINGS OF INDUSTRIALIZATION textiles Samuel Slater factory system Samuel Slater ( Father of the Factory System )
21 BEGINNINGS OF INDUSTRIALIZATION Lowell (or Waltham) Factory System Francis Cabot Lowell First dual-purpose textile plants employees Lowell towns New England Textile Centers: 1830s Lowell, Mass. in 1850
22 Middlesex Company Woolen Mills, Lowell, Massachusetts, c. 1848, artist unknown Middlesex Company Woolen Mills, Lowell, Massachusetts, c. 1848, artist unknown Copyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
23 Lowell Girls Lowell Girls Early Textile Loom Lowell Girls - typical profile Factory Girls Association Lowell Boarding Houses
24 The Growth of Cotton Textile Manufacturing,
25 BEGINNINGS OF INDUSTRIALIZATION: Legal and Financial Developments Corporations In 1800, c. 20 corps US; by 1817, over 1800 General incorporation laws New York, 1848 stock limited liability Banking paper banknotes
26 Distribution of Wealth During the American Revolution, 45% of all wealth in the top 10% of the population Boston top 4% owned over 65% of the wealth Philadelphia top 1% owned over 50% of the wealth. The gap between rich and poor was widening.
27 BEGINNINGS OF INDUSTRIALIZATION: WORKFORCE & LABOR Skilled artisans vs. unskilled workers working class Immigrant work force The Factory Girl s Garland February 20, 1845 issue.
28 BEGINNINGS OF INDUSTRIALIZATION: LABOR & THE EARLY UNION MOVEMENT craft societies National Trades Union Early issues: Child Labor Laws 10 Hour Workday Right to Strike Commonwealth v. Hunt (Massachusetts,1842) Early unions were usually local, social, and weak and were largely ineffective before the Civil War
29 BEGINNINGS OF INDUSTRIALIZATION: RISE OF AN AGRICULTURAL ECONOMY IN (OLD) NORTHWEST Northeastern Agriculture vs. The Old Northwest Decline in Northeast Rise of the Midwest Ties between Northeast and old Northwest
30 POPULATION GROWTH, IMMIGRATION AND NATIVIST REACTION
31 Guiding Question Throughout its history, the United States has been a land of refuge and opportunity for immigrants. Assess the validity of this statement in view of the experiences of the English, Germans, & the Irish in the 19thcentury urban Northeast.
32 POPULATION GROWTH Million Million Million Million Million
33 POPULATION GROWTH Causes Natural increase Immigration Immigration to the United States,
34 Immigration National Origin of Immigrants: Major immigrant groups Irish Germans English When did they come? Where did they settle? Immigration to the United States,
35 Participation of Irish and German Immigrants in the New York City Workforce for Selected Occupations, 1859
36 The distribution of foreign-born residents of the United States in 1860.
37 Immigration & Nativism nativism Native American Association Supreme Order of the Star Spangled Banner American ( Know-Nothing ) Party Recent immigrants, from Harper s Weekly, 1858
38 INVENTIONS & INNOVATIONS Americans were willing to try anything. They were first copiers, then innovators. Patents Approved: 1800: : 4,357
39 Eli Whitney: The Cotton Gin, 1791 (Actually invented by a slave)
40 Eli Whitney s Gun Factory Interchangeable Parts Rifle
41 John Deere & the Steel Plow
42 Cyrus McCormick & the Mechanical Reaper
43 Samuel F. B. Morse 1840 Telegraph
44 Cyrus Field & the Transatlantic Cable, 1858
45 Elias Howe & Isaac Singer 1840s Sewing Machine
46 CHANGES IN SOCIAL AND CLASS STRUCTURES
47 Guiding Question How did the transformation of the American economy in the first half of the nineteenth century bring about changes to society, including the role of women?
48 CHANGES TO SOCIETY The market economy changed: class structure The nature and location of work Gender roles (Middle class) the standard of living Social Class structure Working class Rise of the middle class Social mobility? Geographic mobility UPPER MIDDLE WORKING LOWER Where do Farmers fit?
49 CHANGES TO SOCIETY Work & Home Lower birthrates Separate Spheres end of cottage industry new gender roles cult of domesticity employment opportunities Education of women Oberlin College Occupations of Women Wage Earners in Massachusetts, 1837
50 ECONOMIC? POLITICAL? SOCIAL? FUTURE PROBLEMS?
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