NATIONALISM AND THE NATION IN THE IBERIAN PENINSULA Competing and Conflicting Identities (edited with Clare Mar-Molinero)

Transcription

1 THE CRISIS OF 1898

2 Also by Angel Smith HISTORICAL DICTIONARY OF SPAIN NATIONALISM AND THE NATION IN THE IBERIAN PENINSULA Competing and Conflicting Identities (edited with Clare Mar-Molinero) LABOUR, NATIONALISM AND ETHNICITY, (edited with Stefan Berger) Also by Emma Davila-Cox ESTE INMENSO COMERCIO: Las Relaciones Mercantiles entre Puerto Rico y Gran Bretaiia,

3 The Crisis of 1898 Colonial Redistribution and Nationalist Mobilization Edited by Angel Smith Lecturer in Modem Spanish History in Spanish, Portuguese and Latin American Studies School of Modem Languages University of Southampton and Emma Davila-Cox Lecturer in Caribbean and Latin American History in Spanish, Portuguese and Latin American Studies School of Modem Languages University of Southampton

4 First published in Great Britain 1999 by MACMILLAN PRESS LTD Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS and London Companies and representatives throughout the world A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. ISBN ISBN (ebook) DOI / First published in the United States of America 1999 by ST. MARTIN'S PRESS, INC., Scholarly and Reference Division, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y ISBN Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data The crisis of 1898 : colonial redistribution and nationalist mobilization / edited by Angel Smith and Emma Davila-Cox. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN Spanish-American War, United States-Anned Forces -Mobilization-History-19th century. 3. Spain-Armed Forces- -Mobilization-History-19th century. 4. United States-Politics and govemment Spain-Politics and govemment Cuba-Politics and govemment Spain-Colonies-History, Military. 8. Imperialism-United States-History-19th century. I. Smith, Angel, II. Davila-Cox, Emma Aurora, E715.C '9-dc CIP Selection, editorial matter and Chapter 1 Angel Smith and Emma Davila-Cox 1999 Chapter 5 Emma Davila-Cox 1999 Chapter 7 Angel Smith 1999 Chapters 2-4, 6, 8,9 Macmillan Press Ltd 1999 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No paragraph of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London W1P 9HE. Any person who does any unauthorised act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. The authors have asserted their rights to be identified as the authors of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained forest sources

5 Contents Notes on the Contributors List of Tables and Figures Editors' Preface and the Making of the New Twentieth-Century World Order 1 Angel Smith and Emma Davila-Cox 2 United States Politics and the 1898 War over Cuba 18 John Offner 3 Remembering the Maine: the United States, 1898 and Sectional Reconciliation 45 John Oldfield 4 The Origins of the Cuban Revolt 65 Alistair Hennessy 5 Puerto Rico in the Hispanic-Cuban-American War: Re-assessing 'the Picnic' 96 Emma Davila-Cox : the Coordinates of the Spanish Crisis in the Pacific 128 Maria Dolores Elizalde 7 The People and the Nation: Nationalist Mobilization and the Crisis of in Spain 152 Angel Smith 8 The Impact of War within Spain: Continuity or Crisis? 180 Sebastian Balfour 9 'At the Wrong Place, at the Wrong Time and with the Wrong Enemy': US Military Strategy towards Cuba in Joseph Smith Index 217 vi viii ix v

6 Notes on the Contributors Sebastian Balfour is Reader in Contemporary Spanish Studies and Deputy Director of the Canada Blanch Centre for Contemporary Spanish Studies at the London School of Economics and Political Science. He is author of a number of books, including Dictatorship, Workers and the City: Labour in Greater Barcelona since 1939 (1989) and The End of Spanish Empire, (1997), and numerous articles and chapters in edited books on the history of Spain in the twentieth century. Emma Davila-Cox lectures in the University of Southampton in Caribbean and Latin American history. Her first book, Este inmenso comercio: las relaciones mercantiles entre Puerto Rico y Gran Bretana, , was published in Maria Dolores Elizalde is a researcher in the Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas in Madrid. She is the author of Espana en el pacifico del siglo XIX- La colonia de las Carolinas. Un modelo colonial en el contexto internacional del imperialismo (1992), has edited La relaciones internacionales en el Pacifico (siglos XVIII-XX). Colonizaci6n, descolonizaci6n y encuentro cultural (1997), and is the author of a number of articles on Spanish and US colonialism is the Pacific. Alistair Hennessy is Emeritus Professor of History at the University of Warwick, where he founded the School of Comparative American History. As present he is a Research Fellow at the Institute of Latin American History at the University of Liverpool. Author of The Federal Republic in Spain: Pi i Margall and the Federal Republican Movement, (1962) and Modern Spain (1965), he has since specialized in the history of the Americas, publishing The Frontier in Latin American History (1978), articles on Chicanos, Mexican cultural history, the military, student movements, populism and fascism, along with co-editing a volume on Anglo-Argentine relations, The Land that England Lost (1992). He has also published many articles on Cuba, edited M. Barnet, The Autobiography of a Runaway Slave (1993), Intellectuals in the Twentieth Century Caribbean (2 vols, 1992), and has co-edited The Fractured Blockade, West European Cuban Relations during the Revolution (1993). vi

7 Notes on the Contributors John Offner is Professor Emeritus of Shippensburg University. Born in 1930, he earned his PhD from the Pennsylvania State University. After serving for nine years in the Foreign Service of the US Department of State, he joined the History faculty of Shippensburg University. In 1992 he published An Unwanted War: the Diplomacy of the United States and Spain over Cuba, John Oldfield is Senior Lecturer in Modern History at the University of Southampton. He is the author of Popular Politics and British Anti Slavery: the Mobilisation of Public Opinion against the Slave Trade (1995) and, most recently, Civilisation and Black Progress: Selected Writings by Alexander Crummel on the South (1996). Angel Smith is Lecturer in Modern Spanish History at the University of Southampton. He has published An Historical Dictionary of Spain (1996), co-edited Nationalism and the Nation in the Iberian Peninsula: Competing and Conflicting Identities (1996), and Nationalism, Labour and Ethnicity, (1998), and has published a large number of articles on the Catalan and Spanish working class and labour movements. Joseph Smith is Reader in American Diplomatic History at the University of Exeter. He has also taught at the College of William and Mary and the University of Colorado at Denver. Among his books on US diplomatic relations with Latin America are Illusions of Conflict: Anglo-American Diplomacy toward Latin America, (1979), Unequal Giants: Diplomatic Relations between the United States and Brazil, (1991), and The Spanish American War: Conflict in the Caribbean and the Pacific, (1994). vii

8 List of Tables and Figures Tables 2.1. Presidential Correspondence Insurgent Republicans by State and Percentage of Delegation Trade of the Philippine Archipelago with its Chief Trading Countries, 1881 and Figures 3.1. Maine Monument, New York City, ca Gun from the Maine, State House, Columbia, South Carolina View of Capitol Square, Raleigh, North Carolina, ca viii

9 Editors' Preface This book has its origins in a one-day conference on the crisis of 1898 held at the University of Southampton on 17 May Most studies of 1898 tend to deal with the conflict along national lines. Our aim was rather to approach it from an expressly multi-national perspective in order to be able both to calibrate its consequences in the established world order and the interaction between the various regions involved. We decided to highlight what seemed to us the major economic and political repercussions of the conflict: its impact on the colonial balance of power and the nationalist mobilization which accompanied the lead up to and outbreak of war in a number of the countries involved. It was with these coordinates in mind that the contributors prepared their papers and subsequent book chapters. The chapters by John Offner, John Oldfied, Emma Davila-Cox, Sebastian Balfour and Joseph Smith started out life as conference papers; those by Alistair Hennessy, Maria Dolores Elizalde and Angel Smith have been specifically commissioned for the book. We would particularly like to thank the Southampton University School of Research and Graduate Studies, whose financial support made the conference possible. We would also like to thank Louis A. Perez for participating in the conference. ix