ROWMAN & LITTLEFIELD Lanham * Boulder New York * Toronto Plymouth, UK

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1 Population Geography Tools and Issues SECOND EDITION K. Bruce Newbold ROWMAN & LITTLEFIELD Lanham * Boulder New York * Toronto Plymouth, UK

2 List of Figures and Tables Acknowledgments xv xi Population Geography: An Introduction 1 What Is Population Geography and Why Study It? 3 What Is the Geographical Perspective? 5 Current Research Themes and Contributions of Population Geographers 7 Overview of the Book 8 Focus: The Importance of Spatial Scale 9 Methods, Measures, and Tools: Tools of the Population Geographer 11 World Population 15 A Brief History of World Population Growth 15 The Demographic Transition 18 Future Population Scenarios: Who Gains and Who Loses? 21 Conclusion 28 Study Questions 28 Focus: Population Growth Regimes in India, Germany, and the United States 29 Methods, Measures, and Tools: Graphical Representation 31 Methods, Measures, and Tools: Population Estimates and Projections 36 Population Data 41 What Is a Population? 42 Types of Data 43 Data Sources 44 Data Quality 48 Conclusion 50 Study Questions 50 Focus: Census Data and the American Community Survey (ACS) 50 Methods, Measures, and Tools: Working with Data 56

3 Chapter 3 Population Distribution and Composition 59 Population Distribution 59 Population Composition 61 Conclusion 69 Study Questions 70 Focus: The Changing Face of the US Population 70 Focus: Aging in China 74 Methods, Measures, and Tools: Life Tables 74 Chapter 4 Fertility 79 Fertility Patterns 79 What Determines Fertility? 81 Fertility Levels: Too High or Too Low? 86 Africa's Fertility Transition? 89 Women's Reproductive Health 92 Conclusion 93 Study Questions 94 Focus: Contrasting Fertility Rates and Choices in North America and Uganda 94 Methods, Measures, and Tools: Measuring Fertility 96 Chapter 5 Mortality 99 Mortality Transitions 100 Differences in Mortality 102 Infectious and Parasitic Diseases (IPDs) 107 HIV/AIDS 110 Conclusion: The Future of Mortality 118 Study Questions 121 Focus: Mortality Differences the United States, Mexico, and Zimbabwe 122 Methods, Measures, and Tools: Measuring Mortality 125 Chapter 6 Internal Migration 127 Defining Migration 128 Why Do People Migrate? 130 Theories of Internal Migration 133 Migrant Selectivity and Migrant Characteristics 139 The Migration Process 141 Conclusion 142 Study Questions 143 Focus: Contemporary Internal Population Movement in the United States 143 Methods, Measures, and Tools: Measuring Migration 147 viii

4 Chapter 7 International Migration Flows: Immigrants and Transnational Migrants 149 Major International Flows 150 Theories of Immigration 151 The Impacts of Immigration 153 Immigration Policy 156 Transnational Migrants 170 Conclusion 171 Study Questions 171 Focus: The "Immigration Gay" 172 Methods, Measures, and Tools: Counting Immigrants, Illegal Immigrants, and Emigrants 174 Chapter 8 Refugees and Internally Displaced Persons 177 Defining Refugees 177 Alternatives for Refugees: No Easy Way Home 180 Internally Displaced Persons 184 The Future of Refugees and IDPs 185 Conclusion 189 Study Questions 190 Focus: The United States Welcoming Refugees? 190 Methods, Measures, and Tools: Counting Refugees and IDPs 195 Chapter 9 Urbanization 197 Defining Urban and Urbanization 198 A Brief History of Urbanization 198 The Growth of Modern Cities 201 Implications of Urban Growth 209 Conclusion 209 Study Questions 210 Focus: Planning for Growth 210 Methods, Measures, and Tools: Defining "Urban" across Countries 213 Chapter io Population Policies 215 Immigration Policy 216 Internal Migration 218 Fertility Policies 220 Economic Policy as Population Policies 224 The Role of the International Community: Conflicting Messages 225 Conclusion 228 Study Questions 229 Focus: Population Planning in Selected Regions 229 Methods, Measures, and Tools: Pass or Fail? Evaluating Population Policies 233 IX

5 Chapter ii Population Growth: Linking to Economic Development, Resource Scarcity, and Food Security 235 Thomas Malthus and "Essay on the Principle of Population" 236 Setting the Stage: The Debate and Current Perspectives 236 Linking to Economic Development, Resource Scarcity, and Food Security 240 Conclusion: The Potential for Conflict? 246 Study Questions 248 Focus: Resource Conflict 248 Methods, Measures, and Tools: What Have Geographers Contributed to the Debate? 252 Conclusion: Doing Population Geography 257 Marketing 258 Population Projections: Health Care, Education, and Transportation 259 Political Planning 261 Conclusion 261 Notes 263 Glossary of Key Terms and Acronyms 305 Population Websites 311 Index 319 About the Author 323 X

Unit 3 - Geography of Population: Demography, Migration

Unit 3 - Geography of Population: Demography, Migration 38:180 Human Geography 2.1 Demography Demography is the study of the size and composition of population, including the dynamics of population change,