v. M. MOLOTOV THE INTERNATIONAL SITUATION AND SOVIET FOREIGN POLICY FOREIGN LANGUAGES PUBLISHING HOUSE MOSCOW 1939
|
|
- Brett Bates
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 v. M. MOLOTOV THE INTERNATIONAL SITUATION AND SOVIET FOREIGN POLICY FOREIGN LANGUAGES PUBLISHING HOUSE MOSCOW 1939
2
3 WORKERS OF ALL COUNTRIES, UNITE!
4
5 V. 1\1. MOLOTOV THE INTERNATIONAL SITUATION AND SOVIET FOREIGN POLICY STATEMENT BY THE CHAIRMAN OF THE COUNCIL OF PEOPLE'S COMMISSARS OF THE U.S.S.R. AND PEOPLE'S COMMISSAR OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS AT THE THIRD SESSION OF THE SUPREME SOVIET OF THE U.S.S.R. May 31, 1939 FOREIGN LANGUAGES PUBLISHING HOUSE MOSCOW 1939
6
7 Comrades, the motion made by deputies that the session of the Supreme Soviet should hear a statement by the People's Commissariat of Foreign Affairs is quite understandable. Serious changes have taken place in the international situation recently. From the standpoint of the peaceable powers, these changes have altered the international situation considerably for the worse. We are now confronted by certain results of the policy of the aggressive states, on the one hand, and of the policy of non-intervention on ihe part of the democratic conntries, on the other. Representatives of the aggressive countries are jnst now not averse to boasting of the results the policy of aggression has already achieved. Whatever one may say, there is no want of boasting to be observed here. (Animation.) The representatives of the democratic countries which have turned their backs on a policy of collective security and have pursued a policy of non-resistance to aggression are trying to belittle the significance of the change for the worse that has taken place in the international situation. They still continue to occupy themselves mainly with "soothing" public opinion, pretending that nothing essential has occurred recently. The position of the Soviet Union in the appraisal of current events in international life differs from the position of both these parties. It cannot, as everybody understands, be in any way suspected of any sympathy for the aggressors. It is likewise averse to glossing over the change for theworse that has really taken place in the international situation. It is clear to us that attempts to conceal from public opinion the actual changes that have taken place in the international situation must be countered by the facts. It will then be obvious that the "soothing" speeches and articles are only.
8 ( needed by those who have no desire to prevent the further development of aggression, in the hope of directing aggression, so to speak, in a more or less "acceptable" channel. Not so long ago authoritative representatives of Great Britain and France endeavoured to soothe the public opinion of their countrics by glorifying the success of the ill-fated Munich agreement. They declared that the agreement arrived at in Xlunich in September had averted a European war by means of concessions on the part of Czechoslovakia that were after all comparatively small. It seemed to many people even at that time that in their concessions at the expense of Czechoslovakia the representatives of Great Britain and France in Munich had gone farther than they had a right to. The Munich agreement was so to speak the culminating point of the policy of non-intervention, the culminating point of compromise with the aggressive countries. And what were the results of this policy? Did the Munich agreement stop aggression'? Not in the least. On the contrary, Germany did not rest content with the concessions she received in Munich, that is, with obtaining the Sudeten districts populated by Germans. Germany went farther and just simply put an end to one of the large Slav states-czechoslovakia. There was no great interval between September 1938, when the l\iunich Conference was held, and March 1939, when Germany already put an end to the existence of Czechoslovakia. Germany succeeded in doing this without encountering resistance from any quarter whatsoever, and so smoothly that the question arises, what, properly speaking, Iwas the real aim of the conference in Munich? I At any rate, the elimination of Czechoslovakia, despite the Munich agreement, showed the world where the policy of non-intervention had led, the policy which it may be said had reached its acme in Munich. The collapse of this policy was obvious. Yet the aggressor countries continued to adhere to their policy. Germany Ideprived the Lithuanian Republic of~l and the Memel region. Italy, as we know, was not behindhand. In April, she put an end to the independent state of Albania. After this, there is nothing surprising in the fael that at the end 'of April the head of the German slate in one speech scrapped two
9 important internationaltrealies-the na~'ll agreement between Gel- many and Great Britain and the non-aggression pact between Germany and Poland. There was a time when great international significance was attached to these treaties. But Germany made short work of them, disregarding all formalities. Such was Germany's reply to the proposal of Mr. Roosevelt, President of the United States of America, a proposal permeated with the peace-loving spirit. Matters did not stop at the annulment of two international treaties. Germany and Italy went farther. The other day a military and I political treaty they had concluded was published. It is basically of an offensive character. According to this treaty, Germany and Italy are to support each other in any hostilities begun by one of these countries, including any act of aggression, any offensive war. It is not so long since the rapprochement between Germany lind Italy was camouflaged by the alleged need for a joint struggle against Communism. To this end quite a clamour was made about the so-called "anti-comintern pact." In its time the anti-comintern hullabaloo played a certain part in distracting attention. Now the aggressors no longer consider it necessary to usc a screen. There is not a syllable about combating the Comintern in the military and polltlcal treaty concluded by Germany and Italy. But statesmen and the press in Germany and Italy explicitly say that this treaty is directed against the chief European democratic conn tries. It seems clear that the facts mentioned testify to a grave alter- I ation for the worse in the international situation. In this connection certain changes in the direction of counteracting aggression are to be observed in the policy of the non-aggressive countries of Europe too. How serious these changes arc still remains to be seen. As yet it cannot even be said whether these countries are seriously desirous of abandoning the policy of nonintervention, the policy of non-resistance to the further development of aggression. May it' not turn out that the present endeavour of these countries to resist.'lggression in some regions will not serve as an obstacle to the unleashing of aggression in other regions? Such questions are being asked in certain bourgeois publications abroad too. 'Ve must therefore he vigilant. We stand for peace
10 and for preventing the further development of aggression. But we must remember Comrade Stalin's precept "to be cautious and not allow our country to be drawn into conflicts by warmongers who are accustomed to have others pull the chestnuts out of the fire for them." Only thus shall we be able to defend to the end the interests of our country and the interests of universal peace. There are, however, a number of signs which show that in the democratic countries of Europe people arc more and more coming to realize that the policy of non-intervention has collapsed, to realize the need for a more serious search for ways and means of establishing a united front of the peaceable powers against aggression. In Great Britain, for instance, people are beginning to talk loudly of the need for a radical change of foreign policy. We, of course, appreciate the difference between verbal statements and real policy. Nevertheless, one cannot but note that this talk is not accidental. Here are a few facts. There was no mutual assistance pact between Great Britain and Poland. Now a decision about such a pact has been reached. The significance of this pact is only enhanced by the fact that Germany has torn up her non-aggression pact with Poland. It cannot but be admitted that the mutual assistance pact between Great Britain and Poland alters the European situation. Or further there was no mutual assistance pact between Great Britain and Turkey, but recently a certain agreement regarding mutual assistance has been reached between these countries. And this pact too alter s the international situation. In connection with these new facts, one of the characteristics of the recent period is that the non-aggressive European powers have been endeavouring to enlist the collaboration of the U.S.S.R. in the matter of counte,racting aggression. Naturally, this endeavour deserves attention. The Soviet Government accordingly accepted the proposal of Great Britain and France to enter into negotiations with the,p ur pose of strengthening political relations between the U.S.S.R., Great Britain and France, and of establishing a peace front against the further development of aggression. How do we define our tasks in the present international situation? "Ve consider that they arc in line with the interests of the
11 other non-aggressive countries. They consist in checking the further development of aggression and to this end establishing a reliable and eftective defensive front of non-aggressive powers. In connection with the proposals made to us by the British and French Governments, the Soviet Government entered into negotiations with them regarding measures necessary for combating aggression. This was in the middle of April. The negotiations begun then have not yet ended. But even at that time it was apparent that if there was a real desire to create an eftective front of the peaceable countries against the advance of aggression, the following minimum conditions were necessary: that an eftective pact of mutual assistarice against aggression, a pact of an exclusively defensive character, be concluded between Great Britain, France and the U.S.S.R.; that a guarantee against attack by aggressors be extended by Great Britain, France and the U.S.S.R. to the states of central and eastern Europe, including all European countries bordering on the U.S.S.R., without exception; that a concrete agreement be concluded by Great Britain, France and the U.S.S.R. regarding the forms and extent of the immediate and elfective assistance to be given to each other and to the guaranteed states in the event of attack by aggressors. Such is our opinion, an opinion we force upon no one but to which we adhere. We do not demand the acceptance of our point of view, and do not ask anybody to do so. We consider, however, that this point of view really answers the interests of security of the peaceable states. It would be an agreement of an exclusively defensive character, operating against attack on the part of aggressors and fundamentally diftering from the military and oftensive alliance recently concluded between Germany and Italy. Naturally, the basis of such an agreement must be the principle of reciprocity and equality of obligations. It should be noted that in some of the British and French proposals this elementary principle did not meet with favour. While guaranteeing themselves from direct attack on the part of aggressors by mutual assistance pacts between themselves and with Poland, and while trying to secure for themselves the assistance of
12 the U.S.S.H. in the event of allack by aggressors on Poland and Rumania, the British and French left open the question whether the U.S.S.R. in its turn might count on their assistance in the event of it being directly attacked by aggressors, just as they left open another question, namely, whether they could participate in guaranteeing the small states bordering on the U.S.S.R. and covering its northwestern frontiers, should these states prove unable to defend their neutrality from allack by aggressors. Thus the position was one of inequality for the U.S.S.R. The other day new British and French proposals were received. In these proposals the principle of mutual assistance between Great Britain, France and the U.S.S.H. on the basis of reciprocity in the event of direct allack by aggressors is now recognized. This of course is a step forward, although it should be noted that it is.hcdged around by such reservations-s-even to the extent of a reservation regarding certain clauses in the League of Nations Covenantthat it may prove to be a fictitious step forward. As regards the question of guaranteeing the countries of central and eastern Europe, on this point the proposals mentioned show no progress whatever from the standpoint of reciprocity. They provide for assistance being given by the U.S.S.R. to the five countries which the British and French have already promised to guarantee, but say nothing about their giving assistance to the three countries on the northwestern frontier of the U.S.S.R., which may prove unable to defend their neutrality in the event of attack by aggressors. But the Soviet Union cannot undertake commitments in regard to the five countries mentioned unless it receives a guarantee in regard to the three countries on its northwestern frontier. That is how mailers stand regarding the negotiations with Great Britain and France. \Vhile conducting negotiations with Great Britain and France. we by no means consider it necessary to renounce business relations with countries like Germany and Italy. At the beginning of last year, on the initiative of the German Government, negotiations were started for a trade agreement and new credits. Germany oltered to grant us a new credit of 200,000,000 marks. As at that time we did 10
13 1I0t reach unanimity on the terms of this new economic agreement, the matter was dropped. At the end of 1938 the German Government again proposed economic negotiations and a credit of 200,000,000 marks, the German side expressing readiness to make a number of concessions. At the beginning of 1939 the People's Commissariat of Foreign Trade was informed that a special German representative, lierr Schnure, was leaving for Moscow for the purpose of these negotiations. Subsequently, the negotiations were entrusted to Herr Schulenburg, the German ambassador in Moscow, instead of Herr Schnure, but they were diseontinued on account of disagreement. To judge by certain signs, it is not precluded that the negotiations may be resumed. I may add that a trade agreement for the year 1939 of advantage to both countries was recently concluded with Italy. As you know, a special announcement was published in February confirming the development of neighbourly relations between the U.S.S.H. and Poland. A certain general improvement should be noted 'in our relations with that country. For its part, the trade agreement concluded in March may considerably increase trade between the U.S.S.R. and Poland. Our relations with the friendly power of Turkey are developing normally. Comrade Potemkin's recent visit to Ankara for information purposes was of great positive value. Among the number of international questions which have lately assumed great importanee for the U.S.S.H., I must dwell on the problem of the Aland Islands. You know that for over one hundred years these islands belonged to Russia. As a result of the October Revolution, Finland obtained her independence. By treaty with -our country, Finland also received the Aland Islands. In 1921, ten countries-finland, Esthonia, Latvia, Poland, Sweden, Denmark. Germany, Great Britain, France and Italy-signed a Convention forbidding, as was formerly the case, the fortifieation of the Aland Islands. The governments of the capitalist countries did this with {jut the participation of Soviet representatives. In 1921 the Soviet Republic, undermined by war and foreign intervention, could only protest against this lawless act towards the U.S.S.R. But even then II
14 it was clearly and repeatedly declared by us that the Soviet Union cannot stand aloof from this question and that any change in the juridical status of the Aland Islands to the detriment of the interests of our country was impossible. The importance of the Aland Islands lies in their strategic position in the Baltic. The fortifications on thc Aland Islands may be used for purposes hostile to the U.S.S.R. Situated as they are near the entrance to the Gulf of Finland, the Aland Islands, if fortified, might be used to close to the U.S.S.R. all entrances into and outlets from the Gulf of Finland. That is why, now that the Finnish Government, together with Sweden, wants to carry out an extensive plan for the fortification of the Aland Islands, the Soviet Government requested information from the Finnish Government as to the purposes and nature of the intended fortifications. Instead of complying with this entirely natural wish of the Soviet Union, the Finj nish Government has refused to furnish the U.S.S.R. with the in Iformation and explanations in question. It is not difficult to see that the references to military secrecy which accompanied this refusal are absolutely unconvincing. As a matter of fact the Finnish Government has communicated its plans for the fortification of the Aland Islands to another government-the Swedish Government. And not only so, but has invited it to take part in the carrying out of this whole plan of fortification. Yet under the Convention of 1921, Sweden enjoys no special rights in this respect. On the other hand, the interest of the Soviet Union in the question of fortifying the Aland Islands is not less but greater than that of Sweden. On the proposal of the Finnish and Swedish Governments, the question of revising the 1921 Convention was discussed at a recent meeting of the Council of the League of Nations, without whose sanction it cannot be revised, since the Convention of the ten powers was concluded on the basis of a decision of the Council of the League of June 24, In consequence of the objections of the representative of the Soviet Union there was no possibility of unanimity being reached, which is essential for a decision of the Council to be taken. The results of the discussion in the Council of the League of Nations are known. The Council did not endorse 12
15 the proposal of Finland and Sweden, and did not sanction the revision of the 1921 Convention. It is to be expected that the Finnish Government will draw the necessary conclusions from this I situation. In the light of recent international events, the Aland I Islands question has assumed particularly grave importance for the Soviet Union. \Ve do not consider it possible to reconcile ourselves to any allempt to ignore the interests of the U.S.S.R. in this question, which is of profound importance to the defence of our country. I shall dwell only very briefly on Far Eastern questions and our relations with Japan. Here the most important event this year was our negotiations with Japan on the fisheries question. As you know, the Japanese have a large number of fisheries from us in the Maritime Province, the Sea of Okhotsk, Sakhalin and Kamchatka. By the end of last year they already had 384 fishing lots. Meanwhile, the term of the convention by which the Japanese received these lots had already expired. In the case of many of the lots the earlier estab Iished leases had also expired. The Soviet Government therefore entered into negotiations with Japan on the fisheries question. We declared that a certain number of the lots whose leases have expired could no longer be placed at the disposal of the Japanese from strategic considerations. Although our position was obviously justified, the Soviet point of view met with great resistance on the part of the Japanese. After protracted negotiations, thirty-seven fishing lots were withdrawn from the Japanese and ten new lots granted them in other places. Following this, the convention was extended for another year. This agreement with Japan on the fisheries question is of great political importance, the more so that Japanese reactionary circles did everything to stress the political aspect of this altair, even going to the extent of all sorts of threats. However, the Japanese reactionaries had another opportunity to convince themselves that threats to the Soviet Union do not achieve their aim (loud applause), and that the rights of the Soviet state are securely protected. (Loud applause.) Now as regards border questions. It would seem high time for 13
16 those whom it concerns to realize that the Soviet Government will not tolerate any provocation on the part of Japano-Manchurian troops on its borders. A reminder of this must now be given with regard to the borders of the Mongolian People's Republic as well. In accordance with the mutual assistance pact concluded between the U.S.S.R. and the Mongolian People's Republic, we deem it OUl" duty to render the Mongolian People's Republic all necessary assistance in protecting her frontiers. We take such a thing as a pact of mutual assistance signed by the Soviet Government seriously. I must issue the warning that, on the strength of the mutual assistance pact concluded between us, we will defend the frontier.' of the Mongolian People's Republic with the same determination as our own. (Loud applause.) It is time it were realized that the accusations of aggression against Japan levelled by Japan against the Government of the Mongolian People's Republic are ridiculous and absurd. It is also time it were realized that there is a limit toall patience. (Applause.) It would therefore be best if the constantly recurring provocative violations of the frontiers of the U.S.S.R. and the Mongolian People's Republic by Jnpano-Manchurian troops were abandoned in good time. We have given warning to this effect through the Japanese ambassador in Moscow as well. There is no need for me to deal with our altitude towards China. You are well acquainted with Comrade Stalin's statement about giving support to nations which have become victims of aggression and are fighting for the independence of their countries. This fully applies to China and her struggle for national independence. We are consistently pursuing this policy in practice. It is fully in line with the task which faces us in Europe, namely, the establishment of a united front of peaceable powers against the further extension of aggression. (Loud applause.) The U.S.S.R. is not what it was, say, in 1921, when it was just starting its peaceful, constructive work. \Ve have to speak of this because even to this day some of our neighbours are apparently unable to realize it. (Laughter.) And it must be admitted that the U.S.S.H. is no longer what it was only five or ten years ago, that the 14
17 U.S.S.R. has grown in strength. (Applause.) The foreign policy ' of the Soviet Union must reflect the changes in the international situation and the greater role of the U.S.S.R. as a powerful factor of peace. There is no need to show that the foreign policy of the Soviet Union is fundamentally peaceful and opposed to aggres sion. The aggressive countries themselves are best aware of this. (Animation.) Very belatedly and hesitatingly, some of the democratic powers are coming to realize this plain truth. (Animation.) Yet, in the united front of the peaceable states that are really opposing aggression, the Soviet Union cannot but occupy a foremost place. (Loud and prolonged applause. All rise and cheer Comrade MolotoD.) On the conclusion of Comrade Molotov's statement, the Supreme' Soviet of the U.S.S.R., on the motion of Deputy M. A. Burmistenko, unanimously adopted the following resolution: "Having heard the statement of Comrade V. M. Molotov, Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the U.S.S.R. and People's Commissar of Foreign Affairs, on the foreign policy of the Government of the U.S.S.R., the Supreme Soviet of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics fully and entirely endorses the foreign policy of the Government."
18 Printed in the Union oj Sooiet Socialist Republics
19
20
WORLD HISTORY WORLD WAR II
WORLD HISTORY WORLD WAR II BOARD QUESTIONS 1) WHO WAS THE LEADER OF GERMANY IN THE 1930 S? 2) WHO WAS THE LEADER OF THE SOVIET UNION DURING WWII? 3) LIST THE FIRST THREE STEPS OF HITLER S PLAN TO DOMINATE
More information1. Which of the following leaders transformed the Soviet Union from a rural nation into an industrial power? A. Stalin B. Hitler C. Lenin D.
Name: Date: Choose the letter of the best answer. 1. Which of the following leaders transformed the Soviet Union from a rural nation into an industrial power? A. Stalin B. Hitler C. Lenin D. Mussolini
More informationSeptember, 1939 Secret Supplementary Protocols of the Molotov- Ribbentrop Non-Aggression Pact, 1939
Digital Archive International History Declassified digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org September, 1939 Secret Supplementary Protocols of the Molotov- Ribbentrop Non-Aggression Pact, 1939 Citation: Secret Supplementary
More informationCHAPTER I CONSTITUTION OF THE CHINESE SOVIET REPUBLIC
CHAPTER I CONSTITUTION OF THE CHINESE SOVIET REPUBLIC THE first All-China Soviet Congress hereby proclaims before the toiling masses of China and of the whole world this Constitution of the Chinese Soviet
More informationReading Essentials and Study Guide
Lesson 1 World War II Begins ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS Why do political actions often lead to war? How does war impact society and the environment? Reading HELPDESK Academic Vocabulary dominate to influence
More informationThe Hot Days of the Cold War
The Hot Days of the Cold War Brian Frydenborg History 321, Soviet Russia 3/18/02 On my honor, I have neither given nor received any unacknowledged aid on this paper. The origins of the cold war up to 1953
More informationThe Nazi-Soviet Pact and Eastern Europe
The Nazi-Soviet Pact and Eastern Europe 63. EASTERN EUROPE 63.1 DEFINITION 63.2 NAZI-SOVIET PACT LINE 63.3 SEPARATE CONQUESTS 63.4 ENTRY INTO EASTERN EUROPE 63.5 RESTRICTIONS ON RUSSIAN ACTIVITIES 63.1
More informationInternational History Declassified
Digital Archive International History Declassified digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org June 06, 1946 Record of the Conversation of Comrade I.V. Stalin with Rasmussen, Denmark Minster of Foreign Affairs, and
More informationWorld War II. Part 1 War Clouds Gather
World War II Part 1 War Clouds Gather After World War I, many Americans believed that the nation should never again become involved in a war. In the 1930 s, however, war clouds began to gather. In Italy,
More informationAppeasement PEACE IN OUR TIME!
Appeasement PEACE IN OUR TIME! Neville Chamberlain, Prime Minister of Great Britain prior to the outbreak of World War II, proclaimed these words in 1939 after the Munich Conference in which he, meeting
More informationThe Legacies of WWII
The Cold War The Legacies of WWII WWI might have been the war to end all wars but it was WWII that shifted the psyche of humanity. The costs of total war were simply too high 55 million dead worldwide
More informationTHE COLD WAR Learning Goal 1:
THE COLD WAR Learning Goal 1: Describe the causes and effects of the Cold War and explain how the Korean War, Vietnam War and the arms race were associated with the Cold War. RESULTS OF WWII RESULTS VE
More informationAGGRESSORS INVADE NATIONS SECTION 4, CH 15
AGGRESSORS INVADE NATIONS SECTION 4, CH 15 VOCAB TO KNOW... APPEASEMENT GIVING IN TO AN AGGRESSOR TO KEEP PEACE PUPPET GOVERNMENT - A STATE THAT IS SUPPOSEDLY INDEPENDENT BUT IS IN FACT DEPENDENT UPON
More informationWorld War II. The Paths to War
World War II The Paths to War The German Path to War Rise of Adolf Hitler Born in Austria 1889 Rose in German politics as head of the National Socialist German Workers Party (a.k.a. Nazi) Became Germany
More informationThe Coming of War. German Aggression Under Hitler 11/25/2013
The Coming of War German Aggression Under Hitler Resentful of the punitive terms of the 1919 Treaty of Versailles, Hitler immediately withdrew Germany from the League of Nations. Ended the payment of all
More informationWorld War II ( ) Lesson 2 Americans Debate Involvement
World War II (1931-1945) Lesson 2 Americans Debate Involvement World War II (1931-1945) Lesson 2 Americans Debate Involvement Learning Objectives Understand the course of the early years of World War II
More informationUNIT Y218: INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
UNIT Y218: INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS 1890-1941 NOTE: BASED ON 2X 50 MINUTE LESSONS PER WEEK TERMS BASED ON 6 TERM YEAR. Key Topic Term Week Number Indicative Content Extended Content Resources The causes
More informationEnd of WWI and Early Cold War
End of WWI and Early Cold War Why So Scary, Communism? It posed a direct threat to democracy and capitalism Struggle between US and USSR was political but battle between good and evil Democracy A system
More informationITALY. One of the 1 st Dictatorships Benito Mussolini
IT BEGINS! LIGHTNING ROUND! We re going to fly through this quickly to get caught up. If you didn t get the notes between classes, you still need to get them on your own time! ITALY One of the 1 st Dictatorships
More informationChapter 25: Isolationism and Internationalism
Chapter 25: Isolationism and Internationalism CHAPTER 25 o We will examine American foreign policy in Europe and the doctrine of isolationism. o We will examine the attempts at appeasement of Germany and
More informationSSWH18: EXAMINE THE MAJOR POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC FACTORS THAT SHAPED WORLD SOCIEITES BETWEEN WORLD WAR I AND WORLD WAR II
SSWH18: EXAMINE THE MAJOR POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC FACTORS THAT SHAPED WORLD SOCIEITES BETWEEN WORLD WAR I AND WORLD WAR II Element D: Explain the aggression of conflict leading to WWII in Europe and Asia;
More informationl. The status quo in Outer-Mongolia (The Mongolian People's Republic) shall be preserved;
Modern Japanese Diplomacy (2011 Winter) Reference Documents for October 14 1. Yalta Agreement [Date] February 11, 1945 [Source] Department of State [USA], The Department of State Bulletin, no.347, p.282.
More informationChapter 15. Years of Crisis
Chapter 15 Years of Crisis Section 2 A Worldwide Depression Setting the Stage European nations were rebuilding U.S. gave loans to help Unstable New Democracies A large number of political parties made
More informationT H E I N T E R N A T I O N A L L Y O N M O D E L U N I T E D N A T I O N S R E S E A R C H R E P O R T
NOTE: THE DATE IS THE 1 ST OF APRIL, 1936 FORUM: Historical Security Council ISSUE: The Invasion of Abyssinia STUDENT OFFICER: Helen MBA-ALLO and Sandrine PUSCH INTRODUCTION Please keep in mind that the
More informationLeague of Nations LEAGUE OF NATIONS,
League of Nations LEAGUE OF NATIONS, international alliance for the preservation of peace, with headquarters at Geneva. The league existed from 1920 to 1946. The first meeting was held in Geneva, on Nov.
More informationUnderstand the course of the early years of World War II in Europe.
Objectives Understand the course of the early years of World War II in Europe. Describe Franklin Roosevelt s foreign policy in the mid-1930s and the great debate between interventionists and isolationists.
More informationFOREIGN LANGUAGES PRESS PEKING 1964
LETTER OF THE CENTRAL COMMITTEE OF THE COMMUNIST PARTY OF CHINA IN REPLY TO THE LETTER OF THE CENTRAL COMMITTEE OF THE COMMUNIST PARTY OF THE SOVIET UNION DATED JULY 30, 1964 FOREIGN LANGUAGES PRESS PEKING
More informationCAUSES of WORLD WAR II
CAUSES of WORLD WAR II The MAINE Causes of World War One 1. Germany Lost All her Colonies in Africa and Asia 2. Eupen and Malmedy given to Belgium Effects of the Treaty of Versailles (Signed June 28, 1919
More informationWrite the letter of the description that does NOT match the name or term.
Page 1 Write the letter of the description that does NOT match the name or term. 1. Joseph Stalin a. totalitarian b. Communist c. launched a massive drive to collectivize agriculture d. entered into a
More informationPhD Thesises. Gergő Bendegúz Cseh
1 Eötvös Loránd University Faculty of Humanities History PhD School PhD Thesises Gergő Bendegúz Cseh The activity of the British and American military missions in the Allied Control Commissions of Italy,
More informationUnit 3.1 Appeasement and World War II
Unit 3.1 Appeasement and World War II 3.1.1 Pan-Germanism: German nationalist doctrine aiming at the union of all German-speaking peoples under German rule. Pan-Germanists were especially interested in
More informationIntroduction to the Cold War
Introduction to the Cold War What is the Cold War? The Cold War is the conflict that existed between the United States and Soviet Union from 1945 to 1991. It is called cold because the two sides never
More informationAP European History 2005 Free-Response Questions
AP European History 2005 Free-Response Questions The College Board: Connecting Students to College Success The College Board is a not-for-profit membership association whose mission is to connect students
More informationV. M. MOLOTOV PREMIER AND COMMISSAR FOR FOREIGN AFFAIRS OF THE U.S.S.R. Ie.
V. M. MOLOTOV PREMIER AND COMMISSAR FOR FOREIGN AFFAIRS OF THE U.S.S.R. "' Ie. This pamphlet contains the full text of the report of V. M. Molotov, Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars, and People's
More information6. Foreign policy during the 1920 s and early 30s.
6. Foreign policy during the 1920 s and early 30s. Problems in Europe After WWI Great Depression Economic = people were jobless Political = weak governments could not solve problems in their countries.
More informationWhat caused World War II
What caused World War II A variety of reasonable answers 1. World War I & The Treaty of Versailles 2. The Rise of Totalitarian Governments 3. Failure of the League of Nations 4. Nationalism and Aggression
More informationCPWH Agenda for Unit 12.3: Clicker Review Questions World War II: notes Today s HW: 31.4 Unit 12 Test: Wed, April 13
Essential Question: What caused World War II? What were the major events during World War II from 1939 to 1942? CPWH Agenda for Unit 12.3: Clicker Review Questions World War II: 1939-1942 notes Today s
More informationRoots of Appeasement Adolf Hitler Treaty of Versailles reparation Luftwaffe Kreigesmarine Wehrmacht Lebensraum
On October 1, 1938, Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain returned to Great Britain to announce that peace with honor had been preserved by his signature in the Munich Pact. This was an agreement that gave
More information2/26/2013 WWII
U.S. Led Into WWII 1920-1941 WWII What you ll need to show you know 1. The political and military events that led to U.S. into WWII, the turning points of WWII, results & legacy 2. The causes of the bombing
More informationOrigins of the Cold War & The 8 Steps to the division of Europe I. Breakdown of the Grand Alliance A. With the Nazi attack of the USSR in June 41,
Origins of the Cold War & The 8 Steps to the division of Europe I. Breakdown of the Grand Alliance A. With the Nazi attack of the USSR in June 41, both the Brits and Americans sent aid to Russia creating
More informationName Period Cold War Germany Divided into zones of occupation; also
Name Period Cold War 1945-1989 Germany Divided into zones of occupation; also Japan by U.S. troops Industries re-built with modern Korea into zones of occupation (USSR and US) Boundary is parallel (38
More informationOBJECTIVE 7.2 IRON CURTAIN DESCENDS THE ANALYZING THE EVENTS THAT BEGAN THE IDEOLOGICAL CONFLICT BETWEEN THE UNITED STATES AND THE SOVIET UNION
Name Period OBJECTIVE 7.2 IRON CURTAIN DESCENDS ANALYZING EVENTS THAT BEGAN IDEOLOGICAL CONFLICT BETWEEN UNITED STATES AND SOVIET UNION Name Period OBJECTIVE 7.2 begins FOLLOWING IS A CHRONOLOGICALLY ORDERED
More informationWhat was the significance of the WW2 conferences?
What was the significance of the WW2 conferences? Look at the this photograph carefully and analyse the following: Body Language Facial expressions Mood of the conference A New World Order: Following WW2,
More informationDURING WWII THE US AND THE SOVIET UNION HAD JOINED
DURING WWII THE US AND THE SOVIET UNION HAD JOINED FORCES AGAINST THE GERMANS BUT AFTER THE WAR, THEIR COMPETING POLITICAL PHILOSOPHIES WOULD LEAD TO NEARLY A HALF-CENTURY OF CONFLICT CALLED THE COLD WAR.
More informationHistory of the Baltic States: From Independence to Independence the 20 th century Part I
History of the Baltic States: From Independence to Independence the 20 th century Part I Lecturer: Tõnis Saarts Institute of Political Science and Public Administration Spring 2009 Objectives of the lecture
More informationPolicy regarding China and Tibet 1. Jawaharlal Nehru. November, 18, 1950
Policy regarding China and Tibet 1 Jawaharlal Nehru November, 18, 1950 1. The Chinese Government having replied to our last note, 2 we have to consider what further steps we should take in this matter.
More informationChapter Two Superpowers Face Off
Chapter 17-1 Two Superpowers Face Off I) Former Allies Diverge II) The Soviet Union Corrals Eastern Europe III) United States Counters Soviet Expansion IV) The Cold War and a Divided World I) Former Allies
More informationAmerican Foreign Policy:
American Foreign Policy: 1920-1941 Foreign Policy Tensions Interventionism Disarmament Collective security Wilsonianism Business interests Isolationism Nativists Anti-War movement Conservative Republicans
More informationAmerican Interwar Foreign Policy: FQ: TO WHAT EXTENT DID THE GOALS OF AMERICAN FOREIGN POLICY CHANGE IN THE INTERWAR YEARS ( )?
American Interwar Foreign Policy: 1920-1941 FQ: TO WHAT EXTENT DID THE GOALS OF AMERICAN FOREIGN POLICY CHANGE IN THE INTERWAR YEARS (1920-1941)? PATH TO WORLD WAR II 5Pick up handout from stool 5Get a
More informationFederal Law on Cultural Valuables Displaced to the USSR as a Result of the Second World War and Located on the Territory of the Russian Federation
Last revised 12 February 2008 Federal Law on Cultural Valuables Displaced to the USSR as a Result of the Second World War and Located on the Territory of the Russian Federation Federal Law N 64-FZ of 15
More informationAmerican Foreign Policy: Ms. Susan M. Pojer Horace Greeley HS Chappaqua, NY
American Foreign Policy: 1920-1941 Ms. Susan M. Pojer Horace Greeley HS Chappaqua, NY Foreign Policy Tensions Interventionism Disarmament Collective security Wilsonianism Business interests Isolationism
More informationTrace the reasons that the wartime alliance between the United States and the Soviet Union unraveled.
Objectives Trace the reasons that the wartime alliance between the United States and the Soviet Union unraveled. Explain how President Truman responded to Soviet domination of Eastern Europe. Describe
More informationHarry S. Truman. The Truman Doctrine. Delivered 12 March 1947 before a Joint Session of Congress
Harry S. Truman The Truman Doctrine Delivered 12 March 1947 before a Joint Session of Congress AUTHENTICITY CERTIFIED: Text version below transcribed directly from audio Mr. President, Mr. Speaker, Members
More informationFascism is a nationalistic political philosophy which is anti-democratic, anticommunist, and anti-liberal. It puts the importance of the nation above
1939-1945 Fascism is a nationalistic political philosophy which is anti-democratic, anticommunist, and anti-liberal. It puts the importance of the nation above the rights of the individual. The word Fascism
More informationItaly Luxembourg Morocco Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania
1. Label the following countries on the map: Albania Algeria Austria Belgium Bulgaria Czechoslovakia Denmark East Germany Finland France Great Britain Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Luxembourg Morocco
More informationDivided into 4 zones of occupation; Berlin also divided
Cold War 1945-1989 Germany Divided into 4 zones of occupation; Berlin also divided Japan Occupied by U.S. troops Demilitarized Industries re-built with modern machinery Divided into 2 zones of occupation
More informationUSSR United Soviet Socialist Republic
USSR United Soviet Socialist Republic United States Great Britain FDR Joseph Stalin Winston Churchill Truman Major Leaders of the War Franklin D. Roosevelt (Allied Power) U.S. President Elected in 1933
More informationThe Nazi Retreat from the East
The Cold War Begins A Quick Review In 1917, there was a REVOLUTION in Russia And the Russian Tsar was overthrown and executed by communist revolutionaries led by Vladimir Lenin And NEW NATION The Union
More information15-3: Fascism Rises in Europe 15-4: Aggressors Invade Nations
15-3: Fascism Rises in Europe 15-4: Aggressors Invade Nations E S S E N T I A L Q U E S T I O N : W H Y D I D I T A L Y A N D G E R M A N Y T U R N T O T O T A L I T A R I A N D I C T A T O R S? Totalitarian
More informationPre 1990: Key Events
Fall of Communism Pre 1990: Key Events Berlin Wall 1950s: West Berlin vs. East Berlin Poverty vs. Progressive Population shift Wall: 1961. East Berliners forced to remain Soviet Satellites/Bloc Nations
More informationThe establishment and restoration of Estonian independence and the development of Estonian foreign relations
The establishment and restoration of Estonian independence and the development of Estonian foreign relations Mart Nutt Member of the Estonian Parliament Until the First World War, Estonians did not even
More informationCold War. Unit EQ: How did social, economic, and political events influence the US during the Cold War era?
Cold War Unit EQ: How did social, economic, and political events influence the US during the Cold War era? Yalta Conference The Yalta Conference was held towards the end of World War II. During this time
More informationT H E D O C U M E N T A T I O N P R O J E C T
http://docproj.loyola.edu/rlaw/rhtml 1 sur 7 08.08.2011 17:44 T H E D O C U M E N T A T I O N P R O J E C T Federal Law on Cultural Valuables Displaced to the U.S.S.R. as a Result of World War II and Located
More informationPPT: Post WWII Tensions
PPT: Post WWII Tensions WWII ends Cold War begins USSR collapses Cold War ends 1945 1991 The Cold War: The U.S. and USSR never directly declare war on each other, but fight by other means and through other
More informationDemonstration Gathering Storm game
Demonstration Gathering Storm game Fall 1935 The simplest way to go through the turn is to follow the Sequence of Play set out in the rules. The turn starts with the random event card draws. Sequence of
More informationFormer Allies Diverge
Chapter 17-1 Two Superpowers Face Off Former Allies Diverge The Soviet Union Corrals Eastern Europe United States Counters Soviet Expansion The Cold War and a Divided World Former Allies Diverge Before
More informationFebruary 29, 1980 Report on the Meeting of the Foreign Secretaries of the Socialist Countries in Moscow, 26 February 1980
Digital Archive International History Declassified digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org February 29, 1980 Report on the Meeting of the Foreign Secretaries of the Socialist Countries in Moscow, 26 February 1980
More informationPoland Views of the Marxist Leninists
Encyclopedia of Anti-Revisionism On-Line * Anti-revisionism in Poland Poland Views of the Marxist Leninists First Published: RCLB, Class Struggle Vol5. No.1 January 1981 Transcription, Editing and Markup:
More informationThe Singing Revolution Document Based Question (DBQ) Essay
Subject: History The Singing Revolution Document Based Question (DBQ) Essay Aim / Essential Question Based on the documentary The Singing Revolution, were the Estonians justified in their claim of independent
More informationCauses Of World War II
Causes Of World War II In the 1930 s, Italy, Germany, and Japan aggressively sought to build new empires. The League of Nations was weak. Western countries were recovering from the Great Depression and
More informationChapter 28, Section 1: The Cold War Begins. Main Idea: After WWII, distrust between the US & USSR led to the Cold War.
Chapter 28, Section 1: The Cold War Begins Main Idea: After WWII, distrust between the US & USSR led to the Cold War. The Cold War [1945-1991]: An Ideological Struggle US & the Western Democracies GOAL
More informationBACKGROUND: why did the USA and USSR start to mistrust each other? What was the Soviet View? What was the Western view? What is a Cold War?
BACKGROUND: why did the USA and USSR start to mistrust each other? The 2 sides were enemies long before they were allies in WWII. Relations had been bad since 1917 as Russia had become communist and the
More informationThe Western Democracies Stumble. Chapter 13 Section 2
The Western Democracies Stumble Chapter 13 Section 2 Post-War European Problems In 1919, after WWI, Britain, France, and the USA the three democracies - appeared powerful However, postwar Europe faced
More informationBeginnings of the Cold War
Beginnings of the Cold War Chapter 15 Section 1 Problems of Peace At the end of World War II, Germany was in ruins and had no government. Much of Europe was also in ruins. Problems of Peace Occupied Germany
More informationWartime Conferences T H E E A R L Y C O L D W A R
Wartime Conferences T H E E A R L Y C O L D W A R Wartime Conferences Allies anxious to avoid mistakes of Versailles Treaty Did not want peace settlement s of WWII to cause another war Allied leaders had
More informationSection 4: How did the Cold War develop?
Section 4: How did the Cold War develop? 1943-56 4 (a) Describe one reason why the Allies met at Yalta in February 1945. 1 1 Simple statement(s) e.g. To discuss what to do with Germany. 2 2 Developed statements
More informationGeorgia High School Graduation Test Tutorial. World History from World War I to World War II
Georgia High School Graduation Test Tutorial World History from World War I to World War II Causes of World War I 1. Balkan Nationalism Causes of World War I 2. Entangled Alliances Causes of World War
More informationGeneva, 20 March 1958
. 16. AGREEMENT CONCERNING THE ADOPTION OF HARMONIZED TECHNICAL UNITED NATIONS REGULATIONS FOR WHEELED VEHICLES, EQUIPMENT AND PARTS WHICH CAN BE FITTED AND/OR BE USED ON WHEELED VEHICLES AND THE CONDITIONS
More informationUNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL EXAMINATIONS International General Certificate of Secondary Education
UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL EXAMINATIONS International General Certificate of Secondary Education *5070299037* HISTORY 0470/02 Paper 2 May/June 2007 2 hours Additional Materials: Answer Booklet/Paper
More informationIn this 1938 event, the Nazis attacked Jewish synagogues and businesses and beat up and arrested many Jews.
1 In this 1938 event, the Nazis attacked Jewish synagogues and businesses and beat up and arrested many Jews. 1 Kristallnacht ( Night of Broken Glass ) 2 This 1934 event resulted in Hitler s destruction
More informationAllied vs Axis. Allies Great Britain France USSR US (1941) Axis Germany Japan Italy
Allied vs Axis Allies Great Britain France USSR US (1941) Axis Germany Japan Italy Who became dictator in Italy in the 1920s? Mussolini What does totalitarian mean? Governtment has control over private
More informationAt stake in War. America enters the fray:
At stake in War America enters the fray: 1941-45 A second World War Fascism on the rise in Europe and beyond in the 1920s and 30s: Italy, Germany, Spain In Japan, imperialism and ethnocentrism drives the
More informationCauses of World War II
Causes of World War II We will look at 4 main causes & several examples of each: 1. Failure of Collective Security Collective security is not an alliance system, but an agreement of many signatories to
More informationRUSSIAN INFORMATION AND PROPAGANDA WAR: SOME METHODS AND FORMS TO COUNTERACT AUTHOR: DR.VOLODYMYR OGRYSKO
RUSSIAN INFORMATION AND PROPAGANDA WAR: SOME METHODS AND FORMS TO COUNTERACT AUTHOR: DR.VOLODYMYR OGRYSKO PREPARED BY THE NATO STRATEGIC COMMUNICATIONS CENTRE OF EXCELLENCE Russia s aggression against
More informationJoint Communique On Crimea Conference
Joint Communique On Crimea Conference Winston Churchill, Franklin Roosevelt, Joseph Stalin United Nations Review February 12, 1945 The following statement is made by the Prime Minister of Great Britain,
More informationOrigins of the Cold War
Origins of the Cold War Origins of the Cold War Ideological Differences Different philosophies/ideologies: Democratic Capitalism Marxist-Leninist Communism: Let the ruling class tremble Marx. Economic-Political
More informationA Nation Forged in Blood Part Two? Canada and World War Two
A Nation Forged in Blood Part Two? Canada and World War Two Causes A continuation of WWI Continuity from WWI: Imperialism (German aspirations for European dominance), Nationalism (Independence post WWI
More informationThe Cold War. Origins - Korean War
The Cold War Origins - Korean War What is a Cold War? WW II left two nations of almost equal strength but differing goals Cold War A struggle over political differences carried on by means short of direct
More informationAugust 22, 1989 Report of the Embassy of Romania in Warsaw to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 0145 hr
Digital Archive International History Declassified digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org August 22, 1989 Report of the Embassy of Romania in Warsaw to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 0145 hr Citation: Report
More informationWORLD HISTORY TOTALITARIANISM
WORLD HISTORY TOTALITARIANISM WHAT IS HAPPENING IN THIS POLITICAL CARTOON? WHAT IS THE CARTOONIST SAYING ABOUT TRUMP? WHAT IS THE CARTOONIST SAYING ABOUT OBAMA? HOW DO YOU NOW? TEXT WHAT IS TOTALITARIANISM?
More informationDemonstration Gathering Storm game
Demonstration Gathering Storm game Winter 1936 The simplest way to go through the turn is to follow the Sequence of Play set out in the rules. The turn starts with the random event card draws. Sequence
More informationU.S. History & Government Unit 12 WWII Do Now
1. Which precedent was established by the Nuremberg war crimes trials? (1) National leaders can be held responsible for crimes against humanity. (2) Only individuals who actually commit murder during a
More informationImportance of Dutt-Bradley Thesis
The Marxist Volume: 13, No. 01 Jan-March 1996 Importance of Dutt-Bradley Thesis Harkishan Singh Surjeet We are reproducing here "The Anti-Imperialist People's Front In India" written by Rajni Palme Dutt
More information1 Run Up To WWII 2 Legacies of WWI Isolationism: US isolated themselves from world affairs during 1920s & 1930s Disarmament: US tried to reduce size
1 Run Up To WWII 2 Legacies of WWI Isolationism: US isolated themselves from world affairs during 1920s & 1930s Disarmament: US tried to reduce size of militaries throughout world -- did NOT work Kellog-Brand
More informationFINAL RECOMMENDATION OF THE HELSINKI CONSULTATIONS HELSINKI 1973
FINAL RECOMMENDATION OF THE HELSINKI CONSULTATIONS HELSINKI 1973 1 FINAL RECOMMENDATIONS OF THE HELSINKI CONSULTATIONS (1) The participants in the Helsinki Consultations on the question of the Conference
More informationThe United States in a Menacing World CHAPTER 35 LECTURE 1 AP US HISTORY
The United States in a Menacing World CHAPTER 35 LECTURE 1 AP US HISTORY FOCUS QUESTIONS: How did the American people and government respond to the international crises of the 1930s? How did war mobilization
More informationGreat Powers. Soviet leader Joseph Stalin, United States president Franklin D. Roosevelt, and British prime minister Winston
Great Powers I INTRODUCTION Big Three, Tehrān, Iran Soviet leader Joseph Stalin, United States president Franklin D. Roosevelt, and British prime minister Winston Churchill, seated left to right, meet
More informationWorld War II Causes of World War II
Name World War II Causes of World War II U.S. History: Cold War & World War II Treaty of Versailles Caused Germany to: Admit war guilt Give up overseas colonies Lose land to France (Alsace Loraine) Give
More informationthe Cold War The Cold War would dominate global affairs from 1945 until the breakup of the USSR in 1991
U.S vs. U.S.S.R. ORIGINS OF THE COLD WAR After being Allies during WWII, the U.S. and U.S.S.R. soon viewed each other with increasing suspicion Their political differences created a climate of icy tension
More informationIwo Jima War Memorial in Arlington, Virginia. American soldiers arriving on the beach of Omaha: D-Day, June 6, 1944
o September 1939 September 1945 o Most geographically widespread military conflict o Approximately 55 million people died, 40 million MORE than WWI!!! o Most countries involved in the war were against
More information